76 research outputs found
Vertikale Marktmacht
Die Arbeit besteht grundsÀtzlich aus zwei Teilen:
· der Aufarbeitung und Verallgemeinerung der relevanten empirisch orientierten Arbeiten zu vertikaler Marktmacht, und
· umfassenderen Tests vertikaler Marktmacht mit österreichischen Daten fĂŒr den Zeitraum 1976 bis 1988, wobei ein Gesamtmodell zur Anwendung kommt. ZweckmĂ€Ăige Voraussetzung dazu ist die Aufbereitung von stylized facts hinsichtlich Performance und diversen ökonomischen und Strukturvariablen.
Die Arbeit bietet folgende neue Ergebnisse:
· Die theoretisch-empirische Literatur zur vertikalen Marktmacht â meist unter den Begriffen âNachfragemachtâ, âbuyer powerâ, âbuyer/seller/supplier concentrationâ und âvertical organizationâ diskutiert â wurde systematisch nach Hypothesen und Indikatorentypen analysiert. Ein Schema fĂŒr vertikale Marktmacht im Rahmen von Branchenquerschnittsuntersuchungen wurde entwickelt, wobei horizontale Konzentration als wichtiger Spezialfall von Konzentration eingeordnet wird.
· Erstmals wurde fĂŒr österreichische Daten vertikale Marktmacht ökonometrisch analysiert: Wesentliche Belege fĂŒr eine negative Wirkung von Konzentration in vor- und nachgelagerten Branchen auf die Branchenperformance wurden gefunden. Da die vorliegenden Daten aus Aufschwungphasen stammen, wo durch eine ĂŒberdurchschnittliche Nachfragedynamik die (vertikale) Marktmacht tendenziell weniger wirksam ist, wiegen diese Ergebnisse umso mehr.
· Stylized Facts der (Performance)Indikatoren lassen erkennen, dass es 1976 eine offenbar untypische Situation gegeben hat: Ohne Korrektur um den Unternehmerlohn lagen die Preis-Kosten-Margen in diesem Jahr bei den innerhalb der Branchen rangmĂ€Ăig gröĂeren Unternehmen meist jeweils unter den kleineren. Bis 1988 hat sich dieses Muster wieder umgedreht. â Ebenso nahmen zwischen 1976 â1983 â 1988 die AbstĂ€nde der Profitratenindikatoren bei den jeweils vier gröĂten Unternehmen zu den restlichen Unternehmen deutlich zu.
· Umfassende öffentlich zugĂ€ngliche Branchendaten aus der Input-Output-Statistik und den BereichszĂ€hlungen wurden aufbereitet, harmonisiert und selektiert: FĂŒr die Jahre 1976, 1983 und 1988 wurden so Daten auf 3-Steller-Ebene zusammengestellt, die es in dieser kompatiblen Form und auf dieser Aggregationsebene weder davor noch danach fĂŒr Ăsterreich gibt. Dabei wurden idente Samples von 88 relevanten Branchen gebildet und jeweils fĂŒr die drei vorliegenden Jahre dieselben VariablensĂ€tze verwendet, um so zum Teil kontrĂ€re Ergebnisse aus der Literatur, die sich meist auf ein Jahr oder zusammenliegende Jahre beziehen, aufklĂ€ren zu können.
· Bisherige WidersprĂŒche in den Ergebnissen mit österreichischen Daten konnten so erhellt und teilweise geklĂ€rt werden. Insbesondere oft negative und wechselnde Vorzeichen fĂŒr die horizontale Konzentration lösen sich auf, wenn die vertikale Marktmacht einbezogen wird und die Branchenprofite um den vor allem in kleineren Unternehmen zu kalkulierenden âUnternehmerlohnâ korrigiert werden: Sind auch Indikatoren der vertikalen Marktmacht erklĂ€rende Variablen und werden die Profitratenindikatoren um den Unternehmerlohn in Form des doppelten Personalaufwands fĂŒr SelbstĂ€ndige korrigiert, so ist auch meist ein positiver Effekt der horizontalen Konzentration auf die Performance zu beobachten.
· SchlieĂlich konnte der Abstand des Profitratenindikators bei den vier gröĂten Unternehmen in Relation zu den restlichen Unternehmen brauchbar durch das Niveau der BranchenprofitabilitĂ€t und die horizontale Konzentration erklĂ€rt werden.The study offers the following new results:
· The theoretical-empirical literature of vertical market power â mostly referred to as âbuyer powerâ, âbuyer/seller/supplier concentrationâ, and âvertical organizationâ â was analysed according to hypotheses and types of indicators. A systematic scheme for vertical market power based on cross industry data was developed classifying horizontal concentration as an important special case of concentration.
· Vertical market power was analysed econometrically for the first time using Austrian data. Substantial evidence was found for a negative impact of vertical market power ( up-stream and down-stream concentration) on industry performance. These results have still more weight, as available data originates from years of upswing when (vertical) market power tends to be less effective due to a more dynamic demand.
· Stylized facts of the (performance) indicators show an atypical situation for 1976 : Without consideration of calculatory âemployerâs salaryâ the price-cost-margins of the higher ranked firms within industries in this year were generally less than those of smaller firms. After 1976 this pattern reversed: coherently the gaps of the price-cost-margins of the four largest firms clearly increased in relation to the rest of the industry between 1976 â1983 â 1988.
· Extensive industry data in the form of industrial input-output-tables and âBereichzaehlungenâ(census) were processed, harmonised and selected. And so data on a 3-digit basis that had not existed in Austria in this compatible form before were compiled for the years 1976, 1983 and 1988. Identical samples of 88 relevant industries were formed using identical sets of variables for the three years in question in order to clarify earlier contradictory literature results (that had mainly focussed on a single year or years closely connected).
· Previous contradictions in the results using data of Austrian industries could be illuminated and partly clarified. In particular, often negative and varying signs of horizontal concentration vanished when vertical market power was included, and when the industry profits were corrected by the calculatory âemployerâs salaryâ, which has to be calculated especially for small firms: A positive effect of horizontal concentration on performance can mostly be observed when the indicators for vertical market power are used also as explanatory variables and when the industry profits are corrected by calculatory âemployerâs salaryâ (i.e. double wage for employers).
· Finally it could be demonstrated that the gap of the price-cost-margins of the four largest firms in relation to the other firms can be explained by the level of industry profitability and by the horizontal concentration
Child and adolescent psychiatry patients coming of age: a retrospective longitudinal study of inpatient treatment in Tyrol
Knowledge Based Restructuring in Transition Economies: The Role of Business Environment, Competition and ICT
Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial
Background:
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.
Methods:
We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30â50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515.
Findings:
Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10â793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68â0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group.
Interpretation:
In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Funding:
GlaxoSmithKline
Collins and Sivers asymmetries in muonproduction of pions and kaons off transversely polarised protons
Measurements of the Collins and Sivers asymmetries for charged pions and charged and neutral kaons produced in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of high energy muons off transversely polarised protons are presented. The results were obtained using all the available COMPASS proton data, which were taken in the years 2007 and 2010. The Collins asymmetries exhibit in the valence region a non-zero signal for pions and there are hints of non-zero signal also for kaons. The Sivers asymmetries are found to be positive for positive pions and kaons and compatible with zero otherwise. © 2015
BestimmungsgrĂŒnde rĂ€umlicher Lohnvarianz und Entwicklung der SiedlungsgröĂenstruktur - empirische Analysen mit Daten österreichischer Gemeinden und Katastralgemeinden
Die Arbeit nimmt zunĂnktheit und deren derzeit geringe ErklĂhigkeit. Es wird ein alternatives Grundkonzept aus verschiedenen TheorieansĂrungen fĂr das globale und regionale EinkommensgefĂten, Zunahme von Pendeln und Suburbanisierung liefert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist wird bei der rĂtze kombiniert, es wird vor allem die Mikroebene der Gemeinden und auch die Ebene der Katastralgemeinden (Ortschaften) betrachtet.
Empirisch-analytische Ergebnisse mit Ăsterreichischen Regionaldaten:
"Geography matters!" - Die Erreichbarkeit bei der ErklĂumlichen Varianz von Lohn (und Pensionseinkommen) auf Gemeindeebene in Ăsterreich ist ein zentraler Faktor. Sie kann zwar teilweise in andere sozialĂkonomische und Strukturvariable aufgelĂst werden, bleibt aber wichtig. Ebenso hohe Bedeutung weisen Bildungsvariable (positiv und negativ) auf. Auch die Sektorendominanz ist relevant: FĂr den Tourismusanteil wird etwa bei der rĂrung signifikant ein negatives Vorzeichen ausgewiesen.
"Geographie" (Erreichbarkeit, Ost-West-GefĂlle), Sektoranteile sowie Arbeitsmarktcharakteristika sind wesentliche ErklĂumliche Varianz der Arbeitslosigkeit. Ein Einfluss der LĂhnhĂhe auf die Arbeitslosigkeit kann nicht nachgewiesen wer SiedlungsgrĂĂenstruktur in Ăsterreich wĂlfte der Verteilung - den kleineren Gemeinden - Ăber einen relativ langen Abschnitt der Geschichte von Ăber 140 Jahre fast gleichmĂdten, sowie zwischen den StĂllen auch gegensĂhrend spĂher dargestellte Evidenz die Bedeutung von Schemen wie der Rank Size Rule relativiert, die von der "Neuen Ăkonomischen Geographie" als sehr zentral gesetzt wird. Ein hĂherer Erkenntniswert wird damit hier nur im Zusammenhang mit historischen und institutionellen Faktoren angezeigt.
AbschlieĂend wird eine Analyse der Siedlungs- und BevĂlkerungs (Ortschaften) durchgefĂhrt.
Nachgezeichnet wird die langfristige historische BevĂlkerungsentwicklung im Mikrobereich ab 1794 fĂr 177 Katastralgemeinden des Bezirks Waidhofen/Thaya.
Die durchschnittliche BevĂlkerungszahl pro Katastralgemeinde stieg ab 1794 mit dem Ausgangswert 174 stieg um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis etwa 227 an, ging dann langsam, und in der 2. HĂltnis der GrĂĂenklassen Ălligen VerhĂ$ltnis steht, und sich vor allem durch die Wirkung von Eigentumsrechten sehr langsam anpasst.In the beginning, the paper deals with the "New Economic Geography", its restrictedness and its limited capacity for real explanations. A rough alternative basic concept is presented combining different theoretical approaches of "recent economic geography" for a concept of effects based mainly on economies of scale and (so far) declining transport costs. The aim is explaining global and regional income gaps, and ultimately, concentration of industrial location, settlement and population with implications of disparities, increase of urban sprawl and commuting.
Spatial population development is considered in a long historical period. The demographic and socio-economic analysis combines historical, institutional and industrial economic approaches. It is focussed on the micro levels of municipalities and small towns (villages). The main empirical-analytic findings with Austrian regional data are:
"Geography matters!" - A key finding is: reachability relevantly explains the spatial variation of wage (and pension) income at the municipal level in Austria although it may be partly resolved into other socio-economic and structural variables. "Human capital" is also an important determinant for wages. The sector's dominance is also relevant; e. g. tourism has a negative impact on wages.
"Geography" (reachability, East-West gradient, North-South gradient), sector shares and labour market characteristics are essential explanatory factors of the spatial variation of unemployment. The level of wages is not identified as factor with for local unemployment. Considering the historical development of settlement size structure in Austria (the relation between average size of municipalities) at the "lower" half of the distribution - the smaller communities - remains almost constant over a relatively long historical period of 140 years.
The 5% of the largest communities have grown overproportionately. When compared with the arithmetic mean of the size of municipalities, there is stability from 1900 even until the th decile: Between 1910 and 2001, the population size of 10% of the smallest municipalities almost always lies at 17% of the arithmetic mean of Austria (2nd decile: 25%, 3rd decile: 32%, 4th decile: 39%, 5th decile: 46%, 6th decile: 55%, 7th decile 68%). But important changes in the size ratios happened between Vienna and the larger towns and cities; and between cities and about two-thirds of the smaller municipalities. A comprehensive consideration of empirical tests of the rank-size rule with population data of Austrian municipalities from 1869 to 2001 indicates that the results depend on different coverage, implicating also contrary results. Including the 50 largest municipalities from 1869 to 1910 we see a concentration in the sense of Zipf's Law (relationship between rank and size), and later a slight move back. Finally, due to more exact evidence, the importance of schemes such as the rank-size rule, stressed by the "New Economic Geography" becomes more relative. A higher value of new knowledge is thus created in the context of historical and institutional factors. Finally, an analysis of housing and population development at the smallest unit, the small towns (villages), is given. A picture is drawn on the historical long-term population development on the micro level from 1794 for 177 small towns in the Austrian district of Waidhofen / Thaya. The average population per small town rose from 1794 with the value of 174, to the middle of the 19th century to a number of about 227, then decreased slowly, and in the 2nd half of the 20th century quickly fell to a number of 151 (2001). The population has declined first in the smallest small towns and gradually later in bigger types of settlements. Only the district capital has always grown. This reflects "decentralized concentration." The figure "residents per house" varies only little by the size of the small towns; the structure of small variations in this ratio between different sizes of settlements in the district has hardly changed since 1867. From the agrarian society there has remained a structure of settlements, which stands in a more or less casual relationship with the current division of labor, and which adapts very slowly by the impacts of property rights.Baum JosefAbweichender Titel laut Ăbersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersZsfassung in engl. SpracheKlagenfurt, Alpen-Adria-Univ., Diss., 2008KB2008 18dOeBB(VLID)241360
Cyst Nematode Parasitism of Arabidopsis thaliana Is Inhibited by Salicylic Acid (SA) and Elicits Uncoupled SA-Independent Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression in Roots
Compatible plantânematode interactions involve the formation of an elaborate feeding site within the host root that requires the evasion of plant defense mechanisms by the parasite. Little is known regarding plant defense signaling pathways that limit nematode parasitism during a compatible interaction. Therefore, we utilized Arabidopsis thalianamutants perturbed in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis or signal transduction to investigate the role of SA in inhibiting parasitism by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. We determined that SA-deficient mutants (sid2-1, pad4-1, and NahG) exhibited increased susceptibility to H. schachtii. In contrast, SA-treated wild-type plants showed decreased H. schachtii susceptibility. The npr1-2 and npr1-3 mutants, which are impaired in SA signaling, also showed increased susceptibility to H. schachtii, whereas the npr1-suppressor mutation sni1 showed decreased susceptibility. Constitutive pathogenesis-related (PR) gene-expressing mutants (cpr1 and cpr6) did not show altered susceptibility to H. schachtii; however, constitutive PR gene expression was restricted to cpr1 shoots with wild-type levels of PR-1 transcript present in cpr1 roots. Furthermore, we determined that H. schachtii infection elicits SA-independent PR-2 and PR-5 induction in wild-type roots, while PR-1 transcript and total SA levels remained unaltered. This was in contrast to shoots of infected plants where PR-1 transcript abundance and total SA levels were elevated. We conclude that SA acts via NPR1 to inhibit nematode parasitism which, in turn, is negatively regulated by SNI1. Our results show an inverse correlation between root basal PR-1 expression and plant susceptibility to H. schachtii and suggest that successful cyst nematode parasitism may involve a local suppression of SA signaling in roots.This article is published as Wubben, Martin John Evers, Jing Jin, and Thomas Josef Baum. "Cyst nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis thaliana is inhibited by salicylic acid (SA) and elicits uncoupled SA-independent pathogenesis-related gene expression in roots." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 21, no. 4 (2008): 424-432, doi: 10.1094/MPMI-21-4-0424.</p
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