Trapping \u3ci\u3ePhyllophaga \u3c/i\u3espp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) in the United States and Canada using sex attractants.

The sex pheromone of the scarab beetle, Phyllophaga anxia, is a blend of the methyl esters of two amino acids, L-valine and L-isoleucine. A field trapping study was conducted, deploying different blends of the two compounds at 59 locations in the United States and Canada. More than 57,000 males of 61 Phyllophaga species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) were captured and identified. Three major findings included: (1) widespread use of the two compounds [of the 147 Phyllophaga (sensu stricto) species found in the United States and Canada, males of nearly 40% were captured]; (2) in most species intraspecific male response to the pheromone blends was stable between years and over geography; and (3) an unusual pheromone polymorphism was described from P. anxia. Populations at some locations were captured with L-valine methyl ester alone, whereas populations at other locations were captured with L-isoleucine methyl ester alone. At additional locations, the L-valine methyl ester-responding populations and the L-isoleucine methyl ester-responding populations were both present, producing a bimodal capture curve. In southeastern Massachusetts and in Rhode Island, in the United States, P. anxia males were captured with blends of L-valine methyl ester and L-isoleucine methyl ester

The Life Cycles of Mayflies of the Eastern Ukraine. Subfamily Baetinae (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae)

The life cycle types of mayflies of the subfamily Baetinae in Eastern Ukraine are determined. The scheme for identification of larval age structure is given. The age structure changes of Baetis braaschi, B. nexus and Alainites muticus larvae during the year are described in detail. The flight periods of imagoes throughout the studied region are delimited for almost all species of the subfamily. B. braaschi is shown to have the bivoltine life cycle, with its populations overwintering as the larval stage (MBws) independently on temperature conditions in the water body. The peculiarities of oviposition are described for this species. The following aspects of life cycles were revealed: nymphs, subimagoes and imagoes of different generations of B. braaschi differ considerably in size; the voltinity of B. vernus in the region can vary (Us and/or MBss), mainly due to temperature conditions of the water bodies, where its development takes place; geographically isolated populations of A. muticus in the Eastern Ukraine reproduce only by thelytoky