10 research outputs found

    Microtomography-based numerical simulations of heat transfer and fluid flow through ÎČ-SiC open-cell foams for catalysis

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    ÎČ-SiC open-cell foams are promising materials for catalytic supports with improved heat and mass transfer at moderate pressure drops. In this work, 3-dimensional (3D) models of a 30 ppi (pores per inch) ÎČ-SiC open-cell foam were generated using X-ray microtomography data. The resulting foam models were then used for finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of heat transfer and fluid flow on the pore-scale. The FEA results demonstrate that (i) the overall effective thermal conductivity from direct simulations is comparable to the results estimated by experimental measurement, and are in the order of 10−1 W m−1 K−1 and (ii) thermal transport through fluid-saturated ÎČ-SiC foams depends on the solid-to-fluid conductivity ratio. By employing realistic foam models, pore-scale CFD simulations of fluid flows revealed the microscopic characteristics of laminar flow through open-cell foams. The anisotropic feature of realistic foam models promotes the axial and radial mixing of fluids in and after the foam element. The diffusion coefficient of laminar flow within foams was estimated at 10−4 m2 s−1, which is much larger than the molecular diffusion coefficient in a typical laminar flow in an open channel

    Palladium catalysis for functionalised indoles syntheses : application to a onepost synthesis of indoloquinone through heterogeneous catalysis

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    Depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1990, l'hĂ©tĂ©roannĂ©lation de Larock est apparue comme une mĂ©thode de choix pour obtenir, en une seule Ă©tape, des indoles 2,3-disubstituĂ©s. Cependant, bien qu'efficace, certains inconvĂ©nients restaient associĂ©s Ă  cette stratĂ©gie comme l'utilisation d'un systĂšme catalytique homogĂšne associĂ© Ă  l'emploi de sels. Pour cette raison, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une nouvelle mĂ©thodologie sans sels ou additifs par catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne. DiffĂ©rents catalyseurs commerciaux ou faciles d'accĂšs (Pd/C ou [Pd]/NaY) ainsi que de nouveaux complexes au palladium immobilisĂ©s sur SBA-15 ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s. De façon surprenante, ces nouvelles conditions ont permis une activation de 2-bromoanilines et ce, sans l'emploi d'additifs. Une autre mĂ©thode d'obtention de ces hĂ©tĂ©rocycles a Ă©mergĂ© ces derniĂšres annĂ©es et se pose comme une alternative aux couplages traditionnels : l'arylation d'indoles. MalgrĂ© de nombreuses amĂ©liorations, aucun travail ne dĂ©crivait une procĂ©dure permettant une arylation complĂ©mentaire C2 ou C3 d'indoles libres avec un systĂšme catalytique unique. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un tel systĂšme, basĂ© sur une pallado-catalyse dans l'eau. Cette stratĂ©gie permet d'atteindre des sĂ©lectivitĂ©s C2/C3 ou C3/C2 Ă©levĂ©es avec de bons rendements isolĂ©s par un simple contrĂŽle du couple (base/halogĂ©nure d’aryle).Enfin, dans le cadre de nos travaux visant la synthĂšse par catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne de produits Ă  haute valeur ajoutĂ©e, nous avons initiĂ© des Ă©tudes sur l'obtention de pyrroloiminoquinones. La mĂ©thode consistant en une catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne monotope en seulement deux grandes Ă©tapes devrait permettre un accĂšs rapide Ă  de nombreux dĂ©rivĂ©s bioactifs isolĂ©s d'organismes marins.Since the beginning of the 90's, the Larock heteroannulation became a method of choice to afford, in a single step, 2,3-disubstituted indoles. While effective, this methodology suffered of drawbacks lied to the use of salts, additives and homogeneous catalyst. Thus, we developed the first ligand and salt free heterogeneous Larock heteroannulation. Different commercially available, home made catalysts (Pd/C or [Pd]/NaY) or new palladium complexes immobilised onto mesoporous silica SBA-15 were evaluated. Surprisingly, this methodology allowed an activation of the 2-bromoanilines without using additives. Another procedure to obtain indole nucleus emerged over the past few years as an outstanding alternative to traditional cross-coupling reactions: namely the “direct arylation”. Despite major improvements, no report focuses on complementary C2 and C3-arylation procedures by means of a unique catalytic system. Herein, we describe an innovative “on water” palladium-catalyzed C–H arylation of (NH)-indoles that is site-selective through a base/halide-controlled using cheap reagents. This methodology allows the preparation of either C2- or C3-arylindoles with high isolated yields. Finally, as part of our project related to syntheses of high added value products by heterogeneous catalysis, we investigated studies in order to obtain pyrroloiminoquinones. This new methodology using only two steps will permit an access to numerous bioactive analogues

    La catalyse au palladium pour l'obtention d'indoles fonctionnalisés : application à une synthÚse monotope d'indoloquinones par catalyse hétérogÚne

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    Since the beginning of the 90's, the Larock heteroannulation became a method of choice to afford, in a single step, 2,3-disubstituted indoles. While effective, this methodology suffered of drawbacks lied to the use of salts, additives and homogeneous catalyst. Thus, we developed the first ligand and salt free heterogeneous Larock heteroannulation. Different commercially available, home made catalysts (Pd/C or [Pd]/NaY) or new palladium complexes immobilised onto mesoporous silica SBA-15 were evaluated. Surprisingly, this methodology allowed an activation of the 2-bromoanilines without using additives. Another procedure to obtain indole nucleus emerged over the past few years as an outstanding alternative to traditional cross-coupling reactions: namely the “direct arylation”. Despite major improvements, no report focuses on complementary C2 and C3-arylation procedures by means of a unique catalytic system. Herein, we describe an innovative “on water” palladium-catalyzed C–H arylation of (NH)-indoles that is site-selective through a base/halide-controlled using cheap reagents. This methodology allows the preparation of either C2- or C3-arylindoles with high isolated yields. Finally, as part of our project related to syntheses of high added value products by heterogeneous catalysis, we investigated studies in order to obtain pyrroloiminoquinones. This new methodology using only two steps will permit an access to numerous bioactive analogues.Depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1990, l'hĂ©tĂ©roannĂ©lation de Larock est apparue comme une mĂ©thode de choix pour obtenir, en une seule Ă©tape, des indoles 2,3-disubstituĂ©s. Cependant, bien qu'efficace, certains inconvĂ©nients restaient associĂ©s Ă  cette stratĂ©gie comme l'utilisation d'un systĂšme catalytique homogĂšne associĂ© Ă  l'emploi de sels. Pour cette raison, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une nouvelle mĂ©thodologie sans sels ou additifs par catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne. DiffĂ©rents catalyseurs commerciaux ou faciles d'accĂšs (Pd/C ou [Pd]/NaY) ainsi que de nouveaux complexes au palladium immobilisĂ©s sur SBA-15 ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s. De façon surprenante, ces nouvelles conditions ont permis une activation de 2-bromoanilines et ce, sans l'emploi d'additifs. Une autre mĂ©thode d'obtention de ces hĂ©tĂ©rocycles a Ă©mergĂ© ces derniĂšres annĂ©es et se pose comme une alternative aux couplages traditionnels : l'arylation d'indoles. MalgrĂ© de nombreuses amĂ©liorations, aucun travail ne dĂ©crivait une procĂ©dure permettant une arylation complĂ©mentaire C2 ou C3 d'indoles libres avec un systĂšme catalytique unique. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un tel systĂšme, basĂ© sur une pallado-catalyse dans l'eau. Cette stratĂ©gie permet d'atteindre des sĂ©lectivitĂ©s C2/C3 ou C3/C2 Ă©levĂ©es avec de bons rendements isolĂ©s par un simple contrĂŽle du couple (base/halogĂ©nure d’aryle).Enfin, dans le cadre de nos travaux visant la synthĂšse par catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne de produits Ă  haute valeur ajoutĂ©e, nous avons initiĂ© des Ă©tudes sur l'obtention de pyrroloiminoquinones. La mĂ©thode consistant en une catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne monotope en seulement deux grandes Ă©tapes devrait permettre un accĂšs rapide Ă  de nombreux dĂ©rivĂ©s bioactifs isolĂ©s d'organismes marins

    La catalyse au palladium pour l'obtention d'indoles fonctionnalisés : application à une synthÚse monotope d'indoloquinones par catalyse hétérogÚne

    No full text
    Since the beginning of the 90's, the Larock heteroannulation became a method of choice to afford, in a single step, 2,3-disubstituted indoles. While effective, this methodology suffered of drawbacks lied to the use of salts, additives and homogeneous catalyst. Thus, we developed the first ligand and salt free heterogeneous Larock heteroannulation. Different commercially available, home made catalysts (Pd/C or [Pd]/NaY) or new palladium complexes immobilised onto mesoporous silica SBA-15 were evaluated. Surprisingly, this methodology allowed an activation of the 2-bromoanilines without using additives. Another procedure to obtain indole nucleus emerged over the past few years as an outstanding alternative to traditional cross-coupling reactions: namely the “direct arylation”. Despite major improvements, no report focuses on complementary C2 and C3-arylation procedures by means of a unique catalytic system. Herein, we describe an innovative “on water” palladium-catalyzed C–H arylation of (NH)-indoles that is site-selective through a base/halide-controlled using cheap reagents. This methodology allows the preparation of either C2- or C3-arylindoles with high isolated yields. Finally, as part of our project related to syntheses of high added value products by heterogeneous catalysis, we investigated studies in order to obtain pyrroloiminoquinones. This new methodology using only two steps will permit an access to numerous bioactive analogues.Depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1990, l'hĂ©tĂ©roannĂ©lation de Larock est apparue comme une mĂ©thode de choix pour obtenir, en une seule Ă©tape, des indoles 2,3-disubstituĂ©s. Cependant, bien qu'efficace, certains inconvĂ©nients restaient associĂ©s Ă  cette stratĂ©gie comme l'utilisation d'un systĂšme catalytique homogĂšne associĂ© Ă  l'emploi de sels. Pour cette raison, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une nouvelle mĂ©thodologie sans sels ou additifs par catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne. DiffĂ©rents catalyseurs commerciaux ou faciles d'accĂšs (Pd/C ou [Pd]/NaY) ainsi que de nouveaux complexes au palladium immobilisĂ©s sur SBA-15 ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s. De façon surprenante, ces nouvelles conditions ont permis une activation de 2-bromoanilines et ce, sans l'emploi d'additifs. Une autre mĂ©thode d'obtention de ces hĂ©tĂ©rocycles a Ă©mergĂ© ces derniĂšres annĂ©es et se pose comme une alternative aux couplages traditionnels : l'arylation d'indoles. MalgrĂ© de nombreuses amĂ©liorations, aucun travail ne dĂ©crivait une procĂ©dure permettant une arylation complĂ©mentaire C2 ou C3 d'indoles libres avec un systĂšme catalytique unique. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un tel systĂšme, basĂ© sur une pallado-catalyse dans l'eau. Cette stratĂ©gie permet d'atteindre des sĂ©lectivitĂ©s C2/C3 ou C3/C2 Ă©levĂ©es avec de bons rendements isolĂ©s par un simple contrĂŽle du couple (base/halogĂ©nure d’aryle).Enfin, dans le cadre de nos travaux visant la synthĂšse par catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne de produits Ă  haute valeur ajoutĂ©e, nous avons initiĂ© des Ă©tudes sur l'obtention de pyrroloiminoquinones. La mĂ©thode consistant en une catalyse hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne monotope en seulement deux grandes Ă©tapes devrait permettre un accĂšs rapide Ă  de nombreux dĂ©rivĂ©s bioactifs isolĂ©s d'organismes marins

    Recent Advances in the Synthesis of N-Containing Heteroaromatics via Heterogeneously Transition Metal Catalysed Cross-Coupling Reactions

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    N-containing heteroaromatics are important substructures found in numerous natural or synthetic alkaloids. The diversity of the structures encountered, as well as their biological and pharmaceutical relevance, have motivated research aimed at the development of new economical, efficient and selective synthetic strategies to access these compounds. Over more than 100 years of research, this hot topic has resulted in numerous so-called “classical synthetic methods” that have really contributed to this important area. However, when the selective synthesis of highly functional heteroaromatics like indoles, quinolones, indoxyls, etc. is considered these methods remain limited. Recently transition metal-catalysed (TM-catalysed) procedures for the synthesis of such compounds and further transformations, have been developed providing increased tolerance toward functional groups and leading generally to higher reaction yields. Many of these methods have proven to be the most powerful and are currently applied in target- or diversity-oriented syntheses. This review article aims at reporting the recent developments devoted to this important area, focusing on the use of heterogeneous catalysed procedures that include either the formation of the heterocyclic ring towards the nuclei or their transformations to highly substituted compounds

    CO2 hydrogenation with shape-controlled Pd nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous silica: Elucidating stability and selectivity issues

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    International audienceShape-controlled Pd nanocubes and nanopolyedra particles wereembedded inmesoporous silica shells and their catalytic properties for the CO2 hydrogenation were compared to a reference Pd/SiO2 catalyst prepared by wetness impregnation.Whereas the Pd impregnated silica exhibits a strong deactivation, the activity of both embedded solids is remarkably stable. This difference is due to a significant Pd particles sintering in the referencecatalyst while no increase of particle size is observed for the core@shell solids. CH4 selectivity is shown to be correlated to the mean coordination number of surface atoms which controls the adsorption strength of CO as intermediate species
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