KEPASTIAN HUKUM DALAM PENYELESAIAN KASUS PIDANA MELALUI HUKUM ADAT DITINJAU DARI SISTEM HUKUM NASIONAL

Hukum adat merupakan hukum tidak tertulis yang secara konstitusi diakui oleh Negara berdasarkan Pasal 18B Ayat (2) Undang – Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia TAhun 1945. Hukum adat mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu sebagai rangkaian norma yang hidup di dalam mayarakat dan mengatur tingkah laku yang bertujuan untuk terciptanya suatu ketertiban dalam masyarakat. Dalam berbagai persoalan yang diselesaikan dengan melalui lembaga Adat adalah bentuk kepastian hukum, sama halnya dengan putusan yang dilahirkan melalui sistem peradilan hukum positif di Indonesia. Hal yang menjadi perbedaan adalah hukum adat yang berlaku di Indonesia tidak tertulis dan tidak dibuat oleh lembaga legislatif. Apa yang terjadi saat ini di tengah – tengah para pencari keadilan, menganggap kepastian hukum hanya ada pada sistem peradilan positif di Indonesia, sehingga muncul suatu permasalahan bagaimana kepastian hukum dalam penyelesaian pidana melalui hukum adat ditinjau dari sistem hukum nasional. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana kepastian hukum dalam penyelesaiaan kasus pidana melalui hukum adat ditinjau dari sistem hukum nasional. Penyelesaian hukum adat merupakan produk kepastian hukum dalam sistem hukum nasional dan sangat penting untuk mendasari pembangunan hukum nasional. Penyelesaian hukum adat juga mendorong transformasi pemikiran masyarakat untuk memahami nilai-nilai kearifan lokal, norma-norma yang hidup di dalam masyarakat sebagai bagian dari perangkat hukum Negara yang kedudukannya dilegitimasi secara konstitusi. Sehingga apa yang menjadi kesimpulan dalam penyelesaian melalui hukum adat merupakan suatu kepastian hukum sebagai dasar legitimasi dari sistem peradilan hukum nasional yang bertujuan menciptakan ketertiban dan mengembalikan keseimbangan yang hilang di tengah-tengah masyarakat

Performance analysis and optimization biogas-fuelled cogeneration systems in sewage treatment plants

In terms of securing energy resources and reducing environmental problems, the utilization of biomass has been studied. Biomass is known as renewable energy which can supply more stable energy than other renewable energy types such as wind and solar energy. Thus, its application has become more important in the recent years. Abundant biogas has been produced by anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, one of waste type biomass in sewage treatment plants. Thus, its utilization potential is very high. The installation of efficeint power plant systems in sewage treatment plants is indispensable for the efficient utilization of biogas. In this study, micro gas turbines (MGTs) were used as the prime movers of Cogeneration Systems (CGS5). MGTs have low emissions and maintenance requirements and can also use fuel with low heating value. The performance and the optimized configuration method of the system was investigated in this study.In the initial stage, the effect of ambient temperature on the basic component of the biogas-fuelled CGS, the energy balance of the anaerobic digestion and performance of the MGT-CGS was clarified. On the basis of this result, improvement of the performance of the biogas-fuelled CGS in a cold region that has high and varies heat demand throughout the year was investigated. In this case, the CGS alone cannot cover the total heat demand and hence other auxiliary equipment including a boiler, a heat pump and a gas storage system were also considered. It was found that performance can be improved when the boiler was replaced by the heat pump, and all biogas produced and exhaust heat recovered by the CGS can be efficiently used when the gas storage system was also installed with the CGS. In the second stage, focused was given to the optimized configuration method of the CGS that can utilize all biogas produced efficiently regardless of the region and ambient temperature conditions. It was clarified that in terms of energy utilization efficiency, the most efficient CGS can be obtained when the exhaust heat index of the CGS, exhaust heat recovery efficiency , e/1r is approximately equal to the energy index of the plant, ratio of annual average of heat demand Qhto the biogas energy produced Qb.p, (Qh.d I Qb.p)On the other hand, MGTs are classified as gas turbines that have electrical power output capacity of 30-300kW, and depending on the output capacity, their electrical power output efficiency at full load and partial load are different. Thus, in the third stage, the suitable size (electrical power output capacity) of an MGT-CGS depending on the scale of the sewage treatment plant (biogas energy produced) and its optimization was investigated. It was found that the most efficient MGT-CGS can be obtained when the fuel energy input of the MGT-CGS at full load is approximately equal to the biogas energy produced of the plant. Finally, it can be summarized that this study successfully clarifies in detail the most efficient configuration of cogeneratiofls based biogas-fuelled power plants and, this study can also give valuable guide regarding the method of the performance optimization of a biogas-fuelled CGS

Evaluation of the wind pumped hydropower storage integrated flood mitigation system

As Wind Pumped Hydropower Storage (WPHS) need high cost to construct, it is important to study their impacts on economic and environmental aspects. Thus, this research aims to evaluate their economic and environmental performances. First, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) was used to simulate power generation system with and without the flood reservoir. Next, the total amount of emitted air pollutant was used to evaluate the environmental impacts. It was found the wind-diesel with reservoir storage system (A-III) will have much lower NPC than other systems that do not include reservoir for flood mitigation when the cost of flood losses are included in the total Net Present Cost (NPC). The NPC for system A-III was RM 1.52 million and for diesel standalone system (A-I) is RM 10.8 million when the cost of flood losses are included in the total NPC. Between both energy systems, the amount of pollutants emitted by the A-III system was only 408 kg-CO2/year which is much less than the A-I system which is 99, 754 kg of carbon dioxide per year. To conclude, the WPHS integrated with flood mitigation system seems promising in the aspects of economic and environment

Penerapan Asas Pacta Sunt Servanda Pada Perjanjian Lisan Antara Nelayan Pemilik Bagang Ikan Teri (PENJUAL) Dengan Pembeli Di Desa Tanggetada, Kecamatan Tanggetada

This study aims to analyze the Application of the Pacta Sunt Servanda Principle in Oral Agreements Between Fishermen Who Have Anchovy Bagang (sellers) and Buyers in Tanggetada Village, Tanggetada District. The formulation of the problem posed, How is the application of the principles of the agreement to the verbal agreement between fishermen who own anchovy bagang and buyers in the village of Tanggetada, Tanggetada sub-district and What are the legal consequences of not applying the principles of the agreement to an oral agreement between fishermen who own anchovy bagang and buyers, Type the study used the Normative-Empirical research method where the results showed that the application of the pacta sunt servanda principle from the buyer was not fulfilled where in the agreement between the seller and the buyer had agreed on a price of 500,000. but the buyer only paid 400,000. so that the buyer violates the agreement that has been made. Legitimate legal consequences based on Article 1388 of the Civil Code, namely all agreements made legally apply as laws to those who make them, an agreement cannot be withdrawn other than by agreement of both parties or for reasons stated by law. , and an agreement must be implemented in good faith. The consequences for buyers who violate the principle of pacta sunt servanda are giving compensation as stipulated in article 1246. an agreement cannot be withdrawn other than by agreement of both parties or for reasons stated by law, and an agreement must be carried out in good faith. The consequences for buyers who violate the principle of pacta sunt servanda are giving compensation as stipulated in article 1246. an agreement cannot be withdrawn other than by agreement of both parties or for reasons stated by law, and an agreement must be carried out in good faith. The consequences for buyers who violate the principle of pacta sunt servanda are giving compensation as stipulated in article 1246

PV cools: Close loop water cooling system for PV module

Significant drop in performance due to extreme rise in solar cells temperature. Dust deposition on the module surface inhibits the incoming solar irradiation from reaching the solar cell

Effect of solar fraction on the economic performance of a solar air conditioning by an adsorption chiller / F. Basrawi et al.

Solar cooling is a promising way for a sustainable air-conditioning system. However, since solar has intermittent output, it is usually backed-up by a conventional heater. Thus, it still needs electricity or fossil fuel to operate stabily. This study presents the effect of ratio of heat delivered by solar to the total heat delivered to an adsorption chiller (solar fraction) on the economic performance of a solar cooling system. This cooling system need covers cooling demand for an office building in a tropical region (Kuala Lumpur). Cooling demand was simulated using well-known energy analysis software for building, Equest. Flat-plate collectors and an adsorption chiller were the main component of the cooling system. Flat-plate collecters were simulated using another software, Watsun, and the adsorption chiller was based on our simulation model that is comparable with other studies. Economic performance was analyzed by life cycle cost analysis. Solar fraction of 0.33, 0.74 and 0.98 were studied. It was found that none of the solar fraction studied can generate Net Profit under subsidized electricity. It was also found that a natural gas boiler is a better solution than an electric heater as an auxiliary heater in term of economic. For a natural gas boiler, Net Profit increased when solar fraction decreased; the highest one was solar fraction of 0.33 with US$15,600. However, since more energy is used for the auxiliary heater in lower solar fraction, more emissions is expected to be released. Thus, emissions for all solar fraction need to be considered and studied further

Review on recent development micro gas turbine -trigeneration system and photovoltaic based hybrid energy system

Research on distributed power generation as an alternative method to the conventional power generation system continue to be developed to improve its commercialization capabilities. The cogeneration system and trigeneration system are technological improved alternatives in distributed generation where they offer enhancement and reliability in term of efficiency, emission performances and economic benefits. However, it is more feasible to implement the trigeneration system for most commercial and domestic distributed generations as the cooling demand is deliberately high compared to heating demand especially in hot and humid climate locations. Moreover, micro gas turbine is observed to be a beneficial prime mover in cogeneration and trigeneration system based on several criteria such as ability on acquiring high heat to power ratio characteristic as well as lower greenhouse gas emission. On the other hand, the role photovoltaic in building integrated system provides opportunities for renewable energy system engagement in trigeneration based distributed generation systems. This paper emphasize on summarizing the research work perform on cogeneration system or trigeneration system in hybrid mode with photovoltaic. There are also preceding sections on overviewing the state of art of cogeneration system and the trigeneration system as well as photovoltaic technologies in power generation

A performance and technoeconomic study of different geometrical designs of compact single-pass cross-matrix solar air collector with square-tube absorbers

This manuscript presents a performance study on a forced convection single-pass solar air heater channel with compact cross-matrix absorber (CMA) incorporating metal hollow square-tube absorbers. Four different geometries of CMA (Type I, II, III and IV) were investigated experimentally to evaluate their efficiency, pressure drops and heat transfer parameters. The experiments were conducted with uniform heat flux (indoor) and outdoor solar radiation as heat source. The air mass flow rates used were between 0.0142 kg/s and 0.0360 kg/s. Techno-economic feasibility studies were conducted using cost-benefit ratio (AC/AEG) method. Thermal efficiency of the CMA obtained by Type I with 76%, being the highest. CMA Type I also exhibited the highest temperature elevation than other configurations with 15.3 °C and thermal capacity of 38.7 kJ. Maximum pressure drop obtained was 1.33 Pa in turbulent condition with Reynolds number of 50,794. Type I has the advantage of high performance CMA and has comparatively lower cost-benefit ratio (AC/AEG) of 0.15 RM/kWh than other type of thermal absorbers. © 2018 Elsevier Lt

Experimental analysis on the effect of cooling surface area and flow rate for water cooled photovoltaic module

Application of water spray or water flow on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) modules is one of the techniques used to increase efficiency. Main parameter that affect the performance by this technique is water flow rate and cooling surface are. However, there is less study focus on those parameters. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of water-cooled surface area and water flow rate on the temperature and power output of the PV. Orifices were used to create half-cooled and fully-cooled surface area for water to flow as cooling techniques while the hand valve was used to control the flow rate of water at 120 L/h, 180 L/h and 240 L/h flowing onto the panel. A solar simulator was constructed and used to provide 600 W/m2, 1,000 W/m2, and 1,200 W/m2 irradiance for the panel. The testing methodology consists of three different experiments for each irradiance level. It was found that more cooling surface area covered could significantly reduce temperature in any irradiance level, and fully-cooled module could keep the temperature at below 40 °C eventhough the irradiance was at 1,200 W/m2. In addition, the optimum flow rate also depends on the cooling surface area. Thus, there is a unique relation between cooling surface area and optimum flow rate. Thus, further investigation is needed on this relation