Did Religion Matter? Religion and Wealth in Urban Canada at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: An Exploratory Study

This study draws on a 5-per-cent national sample of the nominal level census returns for Canada in 1901, constructed by the Canadian Families Project, to examine to what extent religion determined one’s economic status in early-twentieth-century urban Canada. While ethno-religion was an important factor in accounting for differences in people’s wealth and status, other factors such as age, city size, and income cannot be ignored. Moreover, while differences in attainment of wealth and status did exist between people of different religious denominations, there appears to be a lack of significant difference between Irish Catholics and the members of the various Protestant denominations. This latter finding provides historians with a potentially fresh perspective on social and political developments in turn-of-thecentury Ontario and perhaps in other parts of the country.Cette étude s’appuie sur un échantillon national de 5 %, construit par le Projet de recherche sur les familles canadiennes à partir des résultats nominaux du recensement du Canada de 1901. On s’y demande dans quelle mesure la religion déterminait la situation économique dans le Canada urbain du début du XXe siècle. Si l’ethno-religion était un facteur important des différences de richesse et de statut, on ne peut passer sous silence d’autres facteurs tels que l’âge, la taille de la ville et le revenu. Qui plus est, s’il y avait bel et bien des différences de richesse et de statut entre gens de confessions religieuses différentes, il ne semble pas y avoir eu d’écart significatif entre les catholiques irlandais et les membres des diverses confessions protestantes. Ce dernier constat offre aux historiens une perspective possiblement nouvelle sur les développements sociaux et politiques intervenus dans l’Ontario du tournant du siècle et peut-être ailleurs au pays

Finding the Work Force in the 1901 Census of Canada

The authors assess the strengths and weaknesses of data relating to the work force recorded in the columns of the 1901 Canadian Census Population Schedules. A comparison of the Canadian data to the information found in British and American censuses of the same era suggests that Canadian census-takers made a more focused effort to uncover information about the work force than did their counterparts. Although the investigation lends sorne support to the perspective that censuses are problematic documents constructed in the interests of a male-dominated political and economic elite, it also suggests that the working class shared in the construction of the data. Carefully used, the 1901 census allows historians to recover voices rarely heard in their own time.Les auteurs évaluent les forces et faiblesses des données sur la population active présentées dans les tableaux du recensement de la population du Canada de 1901. Une comparaison des données canadiennes de recensement aux données britanniques et américaines de la même époque semble indiquer que les recenseurs canadiens procédaient à une collecte plus attentive de renseignements sur la population active. Même si l'enquête corrobore dans une certaine mesure le point de vue selon lequel les recensements sont des exercices problématiques réunies dans l'intérêt d'une élite politique et économique à prédominance masculine, elle suggère aussi que la classe ouvrière a contribué à l'élaboration des données. Utilisés avec précaution, les résultats du recensement de 1901 permettent aux historiens de laisser la parole à des voix rarement entendues de leur temps

Professional vs. Proprietor: Power Distribution in the Railroad World of Upper Canada/Ontario, 1850 to 1881

A la lumière de l'évolution des techniques administratives britanniques et américaines, l'auteur analyse les structures administratives des chemins de fer ontariens Great Western et Northern durant la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle.A prime abord, il appert que, bien que les chartes des deux organismes confiaient le pouvoir décisionnel à un groupe de directeurs élus par les actionnaires,les administrateurs désignés ne possédaient ni le talent, ni l'expérience, ni même le temps pour assumer convenablement ces lourdes responsabilités. Cette situation n'était en rien différente de celles qui prévalaient aux Etats-Unis et en Grande-Bretagne; cependant, elle était ici compliquée par le fait que les chemins de fer ontariens se devaient d'avoir deux conseils d'administration, l'un, canadien, et l'autre, britannique. Par la force des choses, on en vint à confier la charge de tout diriger à une seule personne, et, c'est ainsi que l'on retrouva Charles John Brydges, puis Thomas Swinyard à la tête de la Great Western et Fred C. Cumberland à celle de la Northern.L'auteur décrit la carrière de chacun de ces hommes qu'il considère comme des professionnels de l'administration pour l'époque. Chacun, à sa façon, a tenté d'appliquer ce qu'il y avait d'innovateur dans les techniques administratives britanniques et américaines; chacun a de plus occupé d'autres postes que l'on peut qualifier de haute administration. Au fait, ils sont tous trois morts riches. En somme, à travers eux, on voit émerger un nouveau type d'homme, celui de l'administrateur qualifié travaillant à salaire.Une restriction s'impose cependant: en dépit de leur compétence respective, ils n'ont pas réussi à assurer une véritable autonomie à l'administration telle qu'elle s'observe ailleurs, notamment aux Etats-Unis. Ceci reflète le sous-développement de l'économie ontarienne qui doit importer ses argents et ses compétences. L'auteur conclut en se demandant si cet état de chose n'a pas contribué à entretenir l'état de dépendance dans laquelle l'économie canadienne s'est développée

Node similarity within subgraphs of protein interaction networks

We propose a biologically motivated quantity, twinness, to evaluate local similarity between nodes in a network. The twinness of a pair of nodes is the number of connected, labeled subgraphs of size n in which the two nodes possess identical neighbours. The graph animal algorithm is used to estimate twinness for each pair of nodes (for subgraph sizes n=4 to n=12) in four different protein interaction networks (PINs). These include an Escherichia coli PIN and three Saccharomyces cerevisiae PINs -- each obtained using state-of-the-art high throughput methods. In almost all cases, the average twinness of node pairs is vastly higher than expected from a null model obtained by switching links. For all n, we observe a difference in the ratio of type A twins (which are unlinked pairs) to type B twins (which are linked pairs) distinguishing the prokaryote E. coli from the eukaryote S. cerevisiae. Interaction similarity is expected due to gene duplication, and whole genome duplication paralogues in S. cerevisiae have been reported to co-cluster into the same complexes. Indeed, we find that these paralogous proteins are over-represented as twins compared to pairs chosen at random. These results indicate that twinness can detect ancestral relationships from currently available PIN data.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures. Edited for typos, clarity, figures improved for readabilit

Population Analysis of the Settlement Movement in Western Canada

Introduction The Canadian settlement of the west, via granting free homesteads, is perhaps one of the largest public policy undertakings in the nation's history. However, little is known about the homesteaders themselves, where they came from, how long they stayed and the settlement environment that was created at the time. Objectives and Approach This research adopts a detailed population analysis of the settlement movement in Western Canada. In addition to outlining the social and economic characteristics of the homesteaders, the project answers the following central question: Did it create a stable society of settlers or did it create a field for speculative investment? The data consist of machine readable individual level databases containing detailed information on and stories from circa 170,000 Alberta homesteaders. These homesteaders will be individually linked to three twentieth century Canadian censuses and the Canadian Pacific Railway's land records to provide an unprecedented holistic analysis of Alberta's early European population. Results We report on the linkage methodology used to integrate all these data sources. In addition, we discuss any particular issues we encountered given the nature of the historical data. We describe the data cleaning and standardization that was undertaken to facilitate the linkage process. We present and discuss the linkage results obtained, how much of the population was linked and what are the characteristics of those we couldn’t link. We expect that this research will shed new light on persistence rates, trajectories of family composition, nature of labour market adjustment, degrees of social/gender inequality and impacts on regional development. The results will challenge many myths concerning homesteaders and their impact on western Canada and in the process provoke renewed discussion of western Canadian history. Conclusion/Implications The research will inform and be informed by work currently being undertaken on migration patterns at the international level. Finally the research has implications for understanding the legacies of rapid population movements, state formation, public policy and national identities in the present

Length of carotid stenosis predicts peri-procedural stroke or death and restenosis in patients randomized to endovascular treatment or endarterectomy.

BACKGROUND: The anatomy of carotid stenosis may influence the outcome of endovascular treatment or carotid endarterectomy. Whether anatomy favors one treatment over the other in terms of safety or efficacy has not been investigated in randomized trials. METHODS: In 414 patients with mostly symptomatic carotid stenosis randomized to endovascular treatment (angioplasty or stenting; n = 213) or carotid endarterectomy (n = 211) in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS), the degree and length of stenosis and plaque surface irregularity were assessed on baseline intraarterial angiography. Outcome measures were stroke or death occurring between randomization and 30 days after treatment, and ipsilateral stroke and restenosis ≥50% during follow-up. RESULTS: Carotid stenosis longer than 0.65 times the common carotid artery diameter was associated with increased risk of peri-procedural stroke or death after both endovascular treatment [odds ratio 2.79 (1.17-6.65), P = 0.02] and carotid endarterectomy [2.43 (1.03-5.73), P = 0.04], and with increased long-term risk of restenosis in endovascular treatment [hazard ratio 1.68 (1.12-2.53), P = 0.01]. The excess in restenosis after endovascular treatment compared with carotid endarterectomy was significantly greater in patients with long stenosis than with short stenosis at baseline (interaction P = 0.003). Results remained significant after multivariate adjustment. No associations were found for degree of stenosis and plaque surface. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing stenosis length is an independent risk factor for peri-procedural stroke or death in endovascular treatment and carotid endarterectomy, without favoring one treatment over the other. However, the excess restenosis rate after endovascular treatment compared with carotid endarterectomy increases with longer stenosis at baseline. Stenosis length merits further investigation in carotid revascularisation trials

A CHOP-regulated microRNA controls rhodopsin expression

ER stress induces expression of miR-708, which suppresses the production of rhodopsin to prevent ER overloading in retinal epithelial cells