Gender Justice: The case of Pakistani legal system, from legislation to court rulings

This paper analyzes the legal framework, which would include the constitutional articles as well as constitutional amendments. keeping in view the fact that the Pakistani constitution is a product of Islamic and western jurisprudence. It also discusses the interventions and role of courts as an institution of the state, and the non-state actors to promote the cause in society, and how far the cultural factor has influenced the debate at hand

Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC): why do they break, where they break and how to distinguish harmful from harmless sSMC?

Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) are defined as additional centric chromosome fragments too small to be identified or characterized unambiguously by banding cytogenetics alone. Even though certain sSMC were associated with specific clinical pictures and syndromes, for most of the sSMC only first steps towards genotype-phenotype correlations were achieved. Therefore sSMC are still a problem in clinical cytogenetics and can be harmful due to different mechanisms like induction of genomic imbalances and/or uniparental disomy of the sSMC’s sister chromosomes. This study had the aim to provide new insights into the questions (i) if and why sSMC include specific breakpoints and (ii) how to distinguish harmful from harmless sSMC. Thus, several approaches for better sSMC characterization (HCM-FISH) and/or, characterization of sSMC breakpoints were developed (PCL-FISH; 1MB sets spanning the transitions of dosage-sensitive and dosage-insensitive pericentric regions) and established. sSMC breakpoints were characterized in detail using these new approaches, but also by microdissection based array-comparative genomic hybridization. First hints were obtained that breakpoints involved in sSMC formation are situated preferentially in gene- poor regions of the pericentric regions. Concerning genotype-phenotype correlation of sSMC the present study further identified one new “complex sSMC” associated syndrome: the der(13 or 21)t(13 or 21;18) syndrome, which is associated with a mild clinical phenotype irrespective of partial trisomy 18p. Finally, influence of mosaicism on sSMC-related phenotypes was studied in detail. In conclusion, the present study provided important new data for genotype-phenotype correlation and biological understanding of sSMC.Kleine überzählige Marker-Chromosomen (engl. small supernumerary marker chromosomes = sSMC) sind definiert als Chromosomen, die zusätzlich zum normalen Chromosomensatz des Menschen vorliegen können, welche aber zu klein sind um allein mittels Zytogenetik eindeutig charakterisiert zu werden. Auch wenn bestimmte sSMC schon mit spezifischen Syndromen assoziiert werden konnten, wurde für die meisten der sSMC bisher nur erste Schritte bezüglich einer Genotyp-Phänotyp-Korrelationen erreicht. Daher sind sSMC immer noch ein Problem in der klinischen Zytogenetik. Sie können sich durch verschiedene Mechanismen ungünstig auf den Phänotyp des Trägers auswirken, z.B. durch das Hervorrufen genomischer Imbalancen und/oder die Induktion einer uniparentalen Disomie der sSMC-Schwesterchromosomen. Die hier vorliegende Studie hatte das Ziel neue Einsichten in die Fragen zu erarbeiten (1) ob und warum sSMC spezifische Bruchpunkte haben, und (2) wie schädliche von harmlosen sSMC zu unterscheiden sind. Daher wurden zunächst mehrere neue Sondensets für eine bessere sSMC-Charakterisierung entwickelt. sSMC Bruchpunkte wurden mit diesen neuen Ansätzen, aber auch durch mikrodissektions-basierende array-komparative genomische Hybridisierung genauer bestimmt. Hierdurch ergaben sich erste Hinweise darauf, dass die sSMC-Bruchpunkte bevorzugt in genarmen Bereichen des Genoms liegen. Bezüglich der Frage nach einer verbesserten Genotyp-Phänotyp-Korrelation von sSMC wurde in der vorliegenden Studie u.a. ein neues mit einem sog. "komplexen sSMC" verbundenes Syndrom definiert: das der(13 or 21)t(13 or 21;18)-Syndrom, welches mit einem milden klinischen Phänotyp trotz einer partiellen Trisomie 18p verbunden ist. Schließlich wurde der Einfluss von zellulären Mosaiken in sSMC-basierenden Syndromen auf den Phänotyp im Detail untersucht. Insgesamt liefert die vorliegende Studie neue Daten für das biologische Verständnis von sSMC und deren klinische Auswirkungen auf deren Träger

Survey on detecting and preventing web application broken access control attacks

Web applications are an essential component of the current wide range of digital services proposition including financial and governmental services as well as social networking and communications. Broken access control vulnerabilities pose a huge risk to that echo system because they allow the attacker to circumvent the allocated permissions and rights and perform actions that he is not authorized to perform. This paper gives a broad survey of the current research progress on approaches used to detect access control vulnerabilities exploitations and attacks in web application components. It categorizes these approaches based on their key techniques and compares the different detection methods in addition to evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. We also spotted and elaborated on some exciting research gaps found in the current literature, Finally, the paper summarizes the general detection approaches and suggests potential research directions for the future

Text documents clustering using data mining techniques

Increasing progress in numerous research fields and information technologies, led to an increase in the publication of research papers. Therefore, researchers take a lot of time to find interesting research papers that are close to their field of specialization. Consequently, in this paper we have proposed documents classification approach that can cluster the text documents of research papers into the meaningful categories in which contain a similar scientific field. Our presented approach based on essential focus and scopes of the target categories, where each of these categories includes many topics. Accordingly, we extract word tokens from these topics that relate to a specific category, separately. The frequency of word tokens in documents impacts on weight of document that calculated by using a numerical statistic of term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). The proposed approach uses title, abstract, and keywords of the paper, in addition to the categories topics to perform the classification process. Subsequently, documents are classified and clustered into the primary categories based on the highest measure of cosine similarity between category weight and documents weights

GSU Event Portal

This is GSU Event portal platform used for event registrations and also gives access to organizers to create, promote and manage events. Here we have three roles organizer, admin and visitor. This platform will be mobile friendly, easy-to-navigate and communicate which enable organizers to manage events, and help visitors discover events and register. This application allows visitor to search the events by name, date. The application highlights are every role has their access restrictions. Organizer will describe the details about the events in the website. Organizer can give discount to all visitors or for few, by providing the coupon code. The admin can access any data. This GSU Event Portal will solve a major problem with the current student portal - GSU student boredom. The GSU Event Portal will be an excellent addition to the existing GSU Student Portal, and will be used by all GSU students. The GSU Events feature will be ready for release December 4th, 2017

Working Capital Management Efficiency and Corporate Governance in Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

Efficiency in “Working Capital Management” (WCM) has been the key factor of many profitable firms. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of characteristics of corporate governance on the WCM efficiency of firms in context of Pakistan. A total of 40 firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX, previously known as Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE)) are selected for the period of 5 years which lead to a total of 200 observations. Cash conversion cycle and current ratio are the main measures of WCM efficiency whereas Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Tenure, CEO Duality, Audit Committee and Board Size are the main measure of corporate governance characteristics. The results state that governance characteristics have significant impact on WCM efficiency. Except CEO Duality, all other independent variables have significant role in explaining WCM efficiency. This paper suggests the management to set policies that favors maintaining the optimal level of working capital. Firms can create value for the shareholders by reducing the investments, however improving efficiency, in working capital. Keeping appropriate size of the board and audit committee, management can improve the WCM efficiency. The findings of this study are also beneficial to investors, company stake holders, and other key intermediaries

Working Capital Management Efficiency and Corporate Governance in Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

Efficiency in “Working Capital Management” (WCM) has been the key factor of many profitable firms. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of characteristics of corporate governance on the WCM efficiency of firms in context of Pakistan. A total of 40 firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX, previously known as Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE)) are selected for the period of 5 years which lead to a total of 200 observations. Cash conversion cycle and current ratio are the main measures of WCM efficiency whereas Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Tenure, CEO Duality, Audit Committee and Board Size are the main measure of corporate governance characteristics. The results state that governance characteristics have significant impact on WCM efficiency. Except CEO Duality, all other independent variables have significant role in explaining WCM efficiency. This paper suggests the management to set policies that favors maintaining the optimal level of working capital. Firms can create value for the shareholders by reducing the investments, however improving efficiency, in working capital. Keeping appropriate size of the board and audit committee, management can improve the WCM efficiency. The findings of this study are also beneficial to investors, company stake holders, and other key intermediaries

Short term analysis of functional results of acetabular fractures treated by internal fixation with recon plate using kocher-langenbeck approach

INTRODUCTION: About 10 % of pelvic injuries involves acetabulum of which more than 80 % occurred in road traffic accidents and 10.7% in fall victim injuries. Acetabulum being important weight-bearing surface of hip joint, fixation of these fractures becomes extremely important to give congruous stable painless hip joint. This study mainly conducted to analyse the short term functional outcome after stable rigid internal fixation of posterior column and posterior wall in acetabular fractures through Kocher-Langenbeck approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study conducted in the Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Government Royapettah hospital. Patients with age more than 18 years and less than 65 years, fractures displaced more than 2 mm including Posterior wall , Posterior column, Transverse, Posterior column with posterior wall, Transverse with posterior wall, T type fractures ( Judet classification),fracture less than 3 weeks with or without posterior hip dislocation were included. Open fractures, local soft tissue problems, severe medical contraindications for surgery, fractures more than 3weeks old, fractures with pre-existing hip joint arthritis, patients with other disorders such as Ankylosing spondylitis, Rheumatoid arthritis, pathological fracture and fractures of types Anterior wall, Anterior column, Anterior column with posterior hemitransverse, Both column fractures (Judet classification).All patients operated through Kocher-Langenbeck approach in prone position. Postoperatively quality of fracture reduction analysed using Matta’s criteria and at 6th month functional outcome analysed using Modified Merle de Aubigne Postel Scoring system. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS: Male patients dominated in our study with ratio of 6.3:1. Posterior column with posterior wall fracture is most common fracture type in our study [5 patients (25%)] followed by Posterior wall fracture [4 patients (20%)]. Out of 19 patients, four patients(20%) had excellent , eight patient(40%) had good , four patient(20%) had fair and three patient(15%) had poor results. Average Functional outcome score was 14.73 for ranging from 11 to 18 (Maximum Score- 18). No patient had heterotopic ossification or post-traumatic osteonecrosis. CONCLUSION: Kocher-Langenbeck approach can be used address almost all the fractures except fractures involving Anterior wall, Anterior column and Bicolumn fracture. Providing prophylaxis against DVT and heterotopic ossification reduces the complications of surgical treatment. The learning curve being relatively slow, proper understanding the fracture pattern and good preop planning will help to minimize the duration of surgery and complications. Keywords