19 research outputs found
La rentabilité de l'investissement dans l'éducation au Sénégal
Depuis les annĂ©es 60, la rentabilitĂ© du systĂšme Ă©ducatif suscite un intĂ©rĂȘt croissant auprĂšs des dĂ©cideurs lorsqu'il s'agit de faire un choix d'investissement. Toutefois, la plupart des travaux consacrĂ©s Ă cette problĂ©matique portent sur les rendements internes de l'Ă©ducation. Cette Ă©tude se propose de mesurer la rentabilitĂ© externe de l'investissement relativement important, consenti dans l'Ă©ducation par les mĂ©nages (rendement privĂ©) et la collectivitĂ© (rendement social). Il est reconnu que l'Ătat et les mĂ©nages sĂ©nĂ©galais consacrent d'importantes ressources Ă l'Ă©ducation sans avoir cependant une idĂ©e prĂ©cise du rendement de leur investissement. Cette Ă©tude devrait combler cette lacune. La mĂ©thode utilisĂ©e est celle du taux de rendement interne appliquĂ©e aux donnĂ©es de l'EnquĂȘte SĂ©nĂ©galaise AuprĂšs des MĂ©nages (ESAM) de 1995. Les revenus nets bruts proviennent de ceux de l'annĂ©e 1995. L'Ă©tude montre qu'au SĂ©nĂ©gal l'Ă©ducation est en gĂ©nĂ©ral un secteur d'investissement rentable oĂč le rendement privĂ© est plus Ă©levĂ© que le rendement social. De plus, une analyse par sous-secteur fait ressortir que l'investissement social dans le secondaire et le supĂ©rieur n'est pas rentable contrairement Ă l'enseignement primaire et moyen. Enfin, le chĂŽmage et le redoublement ont un impact nĂ©gatif sur les rentabilitĂ©s sociale et privĂ©e.RentabilitĂ© interne de l'Ă©ducation, mĂ©thode avantages-coĂ»t, rendements privĂ©s et sociaux
Water security in Africa is gender dependent
A personâs water security is affected by their gender, as is their likelihood to hold decision making positions about this vital resource. To increase water security in the face of a changing climate this must change
Investigation dâune Ă©pidĂ©mie de coqueluche Ă Dialakon, Mali, 2016: Investigation of a pertussis outbreak in Dialakon, Mali, 2016
Introduction: De janvier 2008 Ă juin 2016, le Mali n'a notifiĂ© aucun cas de coqueluche. En juillet 2016, BafoulabĂ© a signalĂ© 38 cas suspects de coqueluche dans le village de Djombomadji Ă Dialakon. Lâobjectif Ă©tait de dĂ©crire cette Ă©pidĂ©mie en temps, lieu et personne. MĂ©thodes: Nous avons menĂ© une Ă©tude transversale descriptive Ă Dialakon de mars Ă aoĂ»t 2016. Un cas suspect de coqueluche Ă©tait toute personne prĂ©sentant une toux paroxystique avec ou sans vomissements, fiĂšvre, dyspnĂ©e ou Ă©ternuement. Nous avons effectuĂ© une recherche active de cas. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es Ă lâaide dâun questionnaire et analysĂ©es en temps, lieu et personne.RĂ©sultats: Au total, 112 cas suspects de coqueluche enregistrĂ©s sur 7238 habitants (taux d'attaque : 16/1000) avec zĂ©ro dĂ©cĂšs. L'Ăąge mĂ©dian Ă©tait de 4 ans, Ă©tendu de 3 mois-13 ans, 52% Ă©taient de sexe fĂ©minin. Parmi les cas, 4% Ă©taient complĂštement vaccinĂ©s contre la coqueluche. Tous les cas provenaient du village de Djombomadji. L'Ă©pidĂ©mie avait commencĂ© le 10 mars, avec 2 pics le 16 mai et le 16 juin 2016 qui avaient respectivement 20 et 16 cas. Le nombre de cas a ensuite progressivement diminuĂ© jusqu'au 26 juillet 2016 quand les 2 derniers cas ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s. Conclusion: L'Ă©pidĂ©mie a durĂ© 5 mois, la majoritĂ© des cas ont eu lieu le 16 mai 2016, Ă©taient du sexe fĂ©minin, n'Ă©taient pas vaccinĂ©s et provenaient du village de Djombomadji. Tous les cas ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©s, les enfants non malades ont Ă©tĂ© vaccinĂ©s et la population a Ă©tĂ© sensibilisĂ©e.
Introduction: From January 2008 to June 2016, Mali reported no cases of pertussis. In July 2016, Bafoulabé reported 38 suspected cases of pertussis in the village of Djombomadji in Dialakon. The objective this investigation was to describe this outbreak in time, place and person. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in Dialakon from March to August 2016. A suspected case of pertussis was any person presenting paroxysmal cough with or without vomiting, fever, dyspnoea or sneezing. We conducted an active case search. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analysed for time, place and person. Results: A total of 112 suspected cases of pertussis were recorded out of 7238 inhabitants (attack rate: 16/1000) with zero deaths. The median age was 4 years, range 3 months-13 years, 52% were female. Of the cases, 4% were fully vaccinated against pertussis. All cases were from the village of Djombomadji. The epidemic started on 10 March, with two peaks on 16 May and 16 June 2016, with 20 and 16 cases respectively. The number of cases then gradually decreased until 26 July 2016 when the last 2 cases were recorded. Conclusions: The epidemic lasted 5 months, the majority of cases occurred on 16 May 2016, (they)were female, unvaccinated and from Djombomadji village. All cases were treated, unvaccinated children were vaccinated and the population was sensitised
P:11 â Pharmacoeconomics
Therophilus javanus is a koinobiont, solitary larval endoparasitoid currently being considered as a biological control agent against the pod borer Maruca vitrata, a devastating cowpea pest causing 20-80% crop losses in West Africa. We investigated ovary morphology and anatomy, oogenesis, potential fecundity, and egg load in T. javanus, as well as the effect of factors such as age of the female and parasitoid/host size at oviposition on egg load. The number of ovarioles was found to be variable and significantly influenced by the age/size of the M. vitrata caterpillar when parasitized. Egg load also was strongly influenced by both the instar of M. vitrata caterpillar at the moment of parasitism and wasp age. The practical implications of these findings for improving mass rearing of the parasitoid toward successful biological control of M. vitrata are discussed
Profil épidémiologique de la rougeole au Mali de 2009 à 2018: Epidemiological profile of measles in Mali from 2009 to 2018
Introduction: La rougeole, maladie virale hautement contagieuse causeÌe par un Morbillivirus, reste un important probleÌeme de santeÌ publique dans de nombreux pays malgreÌ l'existence d'un vaccin efficace. La surveillance de la rougeole est l'un des aspects cleÌs de la lutte contre cette maladie. La preÌsente eÌtude avait pour objectif de deÌcrire la mortaliteÌ et la morbiditeÌ de la rougeole au Mali entre 2009 et 2018. MĂ©thodes: Il s'agissait d'eÌtude transversale descriptive. Les donneÌes de surveillance de la rougeole au Mali de 2009 aÌ 2018 ont eÌteÌ analyseÌes en personne, lieu et temps. RĂ©sultats: De 2009 aÌ 2018, le nombre de cas confirmeÌs de rougeole eÌtait de 6461 dont 29 deÌceÌs soit une leÌtaliteÌ de 0,45%. La confirmation des cas avait eÌteÌ faite par le laboratoire pour 2551 cas (39,48%), par lien eÌpideÌmiologique pour 3738 cas (57,85%) et cliniquement pour 172 cas (2,66%). Les enfants de moins de 5 ans repreÌsentaient 50,97% des cas et 75,86% des deÌceÌs. La majoriteÌ des cas (95,71 %) n'avaient jamais eÌteÌ vaccineÌs contre la rougeole. Les incidences les plus eÌleveÌes avaient eÌteÌ observeÌes en 2009 (22,65 pour 100 000 hbts) et 2010 (11,81 pour 100 000 hbts). Tombouctou, Gao et Mopti avaient enregistreÌs les plus grands nombres de cas en 2009 et Bamako, Koulikoro et Mopti en 2010. Conclusion: La majoriteÌ des cas et des deÌceÌs eÌtaient les enfants non vaccineÌs de moins de cinq ans. Un renforcement du programme eÌlargi de vaccination de routine, une riposte aux eÌpideÌemies et des strateÌegies de vaccination couvrant tout le pays sont neÌcessaires.
Introduction: Measles, a highly contagious viral disease caused by a Morbillivirus, remains an important public health problem in many countries despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Measles surveillance is one of the key aspects of measles control. The objective of this study was to describe measles mortality and morbidity in Mali between 2009 and 2018. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Measles surveillance data in Mali from 2009 to 2018 were analysed by person, place and time. Results: From 2009 to 2018, the number of confirmed measles cases was 6461 including 29 deaths, i.e. a case-fatality rate of 0.45%. Cases were confirmed by the laboratory for 2551 cases (39.48%), by epidemiological link for 3738 cases (57.85%) and clinically for 172 cases (2.66%). Children under 5 years of age represented 50.97% of cases and 75.86% of deaths. The majority of cases (95.71%) had never been vaccinated against measles. The highest incidences were observed in 2009 (22.65 per 100,000 inhabitants) and 2010 (11.81 per 100,000 inhabitants). Timbuktu, Gao and Mopti had the highest number of cases in 2009 and Bamako, Koulikoro and Mopti in 2010. Conclusion: The majority of cases and deaths were among unvaccinated children under five years of age. Strengthening of the routine expanded programme of immunisation, response to epidemics and nationwide immunisation strategies are needed
Environnement urbain et risque sanitaire : Approche géographique de la diarrhée infantile dans la ville de Rufisque (Sénégal).
Dans un contexte de villes sĂ©nĂ©galaises confrontĂ©es Ă des problĂšmes dâassainissement, la ville de Rufisque fait face Ă un problĂšme de santĂ© publique Ă lâinstar dâune insalubritĂ© croissance exposant les populations au syndrome diarrhĂ©ique. Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude est de mesurer la prĂ©valence de la diarrhĂ©e chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. Afin dâĂ©tablir le lien entre la qualitĂ© de lâenvironnement et la diarrhĂ©e infanto-juvĂ©nile, un receuil des donnĂ©es sanitaires et une enquĂȘte ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s auprĂšs de 918 mĂ©nages sur les conditions socio-environnementales et la morbiditĂ© diarrhĂ©ique en septembre 2018. Avec lâappui des mĂ©thodes statistiques uni-variĂ©es et bi-variĂ©es, il a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© des tests dâassociation (Khi-2) et de corrĂ©lation R de Pearson entre la morbiditĂ© diarrhĂ©ique et les facteurs de risque potentiels. Les rĂ©sultats mettent en Ă©vidence une variabilitĂ© socio-spatiale des maladies diarrhĂ©iques dans lâespace urbain, avec certains quartiers trĂšs touchĂ©s (Cartor, Gouye Aldiana, Colobane et Escale) et dâautres moins affectĂ©s (Hlm, Diokoul, et Rufisque II). Toutefois, cette distribution inĂ©gale de la pathologie diarrhĂ©ique est infleuncĂ©e par un certain nombre de facteurs de risque dont les plus significativement associĂ©s Ă sa survenue sont le mode dâaccĂšs Ă lâeau potable dont le robinet (R = 0,93), le WC branchĂ© Ă une fosse (R = 0,96), lâaire de jeu des enfants dans la cour (R = 0, 99) et dans les espaces pĂ©ridomestiques (R = 0,81) ainsi que le statut socio-Ă©conomique (R=0,94). Ces facteurs de risque diarrhĂ©ique laisse supposer que les enfants vivant dans des milieux urbains bien assainis sont moins exposĂ©s Ă lâoccurrence des maladies diarrhĂ©iques et vice-versa.
Mots-clÚs : environnment, diarrhée, risque, prévalence, ville, Rufisque.
English Abstract:
Urban environment and health risk: Geographical approach to childhood diarrhoea in the city of Rufisque (Senegal).
In a context of Senegalese cities facing sanitation problems, the city of Rufisque faces a public health problem such as growing insalubrity exposing populations to diarrheal syndrome. The objective of this study is to measure the prevalence of diarrhea in children under 5 years old. In order to establish the link between the quality of the environment and infant and juvenile diarrhea, a collection of health data and a survey were carried out among 918 households on socio-environmental conditions and diarrheal morbidity in September 2018. With Supporting univariate and bivariate statistical methods, Pearson association (Chi-square) and R correlation tests were performed between diarrheal morbidity and potential risk factors. The results highlight a socio-spatial variability of diarrheal diseases in urban areas, with some neighborhoods very affected (Cartor, Gouye Aldiana, Colobane and Escale) and others less affected (Hlm, Diokoul, and Rufisque II). However, this uneven distribution of diarrheal pathology is influenced by a number of risk factors, the most significantly associated with its occurrence are the mode of access to drinking water including the tap (R = 0.93), WC connected to a pit (R = 0.96), the children's play area in the yard (R = 0, 99) and in peridomestic spaces (R = 0.81) as well as the socio-economic status ( R = 0.94). These diarrheal risk factors suggest that children living in healthy urban settings are less exposed to the occurrence of diarrheal diseases and vice versa.
Keywords: environment, diarrhea, risk, prevalence, city, Rufisqu
Investigation Around Cases of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic FeverâMauritania, 2022
International audienceAbstract Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic arbovirosis. Humans are infected by tick bites or contact with blood of infected animals. CCHF can be responsible for severe outbreaks due to human-to-human transmission. Our aims were to increase awareness and promote the search for risk factors and disease monitoring to prevent CCHF epidemic, capacity building, appropriate measures to treat patients, and information for the local population. Methods During the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever from February to May 2022, blood samples were collected from 88 patients suspected to be infected with the virus. Diagnosis was established by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results CCHF was confirmed by RT-PCR in 7 of 88 (8%) patients. Ticks were found in cattle, sheep, or goats in the areas where the subjects resided, with the exception of 1 CCHF-positive patient in close contact with fresh animal meat. Exposure to potential risk factors was found in all patients. The interval between the onset of symptoms and hospital admission was 2â3 days. All 7 patients were admitted to our hospital and treated promptly by blood transfusion. Two patients died. Conclusions Mortality is high in patients with the hemorrhagic form of CCHF. Disease prevention is necessary by strengthening vector control, avoiding contact and consumption of organic products from diseased animals, and vaccinating animals in areas where the disease is endemic. Furthermore, it is essential to establish management procedures for patients infected with CCHF virus
Investigation Around Cases of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic FeverâMauritania, 2022
International audienceAbstract Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic arbovirosis. Humans are infected by tick bites or contact with blood of infected animals. CCHF can be responsible for severe outbreaks due to human-to-human transmission. Our aims were to increase awareness and promote the search for risk factors and disease monitoring to prevent CCHF epidemic, capacity building, appropriate measures to treat patients, and information for the local population. Methods During the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever from February to May 2022, blood samples were collected from 88 patients suspected to be infected with the virus. Diagnosis was established by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results CCHF was confirmed by RT-PCR in 7 of 88 (8%) patients. Ticks were found in cattle, sheep, or goats in the areas where the subjects resided, with the exception of 1 CCHF-positive patient in close contact with fresh animal meat. Exposure to potential risk factors was found in all patients. The interval between the onset of symptoms and hospital admission was 2â3 days. All 7 patients were admitted to our hospital and treated promptly by blood transfusion. Two patients died. Conclusions Mortality is high in patients with the hemorrhagic form of CCHF. Disease prevention is necessary by strengthening vector control, avoiding contact and consumption of organic products from diseased animals, and vaccinating animals in areas where the disease is endemic. Furthermore, it is essential to establish management procedures for patients infected with CCHF virus
Evolution geo-spatiale de la pandemie de COVID-19 au Sénégal du 2 Mars au 2 Septembre 2020 : Geo-spatial evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal from 2 March to 2 September 2020
La pandĂ©mie du coronavirus qui est apparue dans la province de Wuhan (Chine) en dĂ©cembre 2019 a connu une rapide propagation Ă lâĂ©chelle de la planĂšte. En effet, les premiers cas de contamination sont enregistrĂ©s au SĂ©nĂ©gal le 2 mars 2020. Lâobjectif de cet article est dâanalyser lâĂ©volution gĂ©ospatiale de la pandĂ©mie du coronavirus au SĂ©nĂ©gal du 2 mars au 2 septembre 2020. La prĂ©valence et le taux de positivitĂ© sont les indicateurs de morbiditĂ© utilisĂ©s pour traduire lâĂ©volution spatio-temporelle de la maladie. Si la positivitĂ© est le pourcentage de cas positifs mesurĂ©e par rapport au diagnostic mensuel effectuĂ© pour 100 personnes Ă lâĂ©chelle du territoire national, la prĂ©valence concerne le nombre de malades dans une rĂ©gion donnĂ©e par rapport Ă la population totale de la rĂ©gion. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© une inĂ©gale rĂ©partition de la pandĂ©mie au SĂ©nĂ©gal avec une forte concentration de la transmission dans les zones urbaines situĂ©es Ă lâouest et au centre-ouest du pays notamment Ă Dakar, ThiĂšs, Mbour et Touba-MbackĂ©. Les pĂ©riodes de forte transmission sont observĂ©es aux mois de juin et juillet avec une forte incidence chez les adultes et les personnes ĂągĂ©es. La pandĂ©mie du coronavirus a montrĂ© les limites de lâefficacitĂ© humaine face lâagressivitĂ© du SRAS-COV-2. Ces insuffisances devraient inciter Ă lâunitĂ© et Ă la solidaritĂ© pour le renforcement de la gouvernance sanitaire mondiale face aux mutations sociales en cours.
The coronavirus pandemic that emerged in the province of Wuhan (China) in December 2019 has spread rapidly around the world. Indeed, the first cases of contamination were recorded in Senegal on 2 March 2020. The objective of this article is to analyse the geospatial evolution of the coronavirus pandemic in Senegal from 2 March to 2 September 2020. Prevalence and positivity rate are the morbidity indicators used to reflect the spatio-temporal evolution of the disease. While positivity is the percentage of positive cases measured in relation to the monthly diagnosis made for 100 people at the national level, prevalence refers to the number of patients in a given region in relation to the total population of the region. The results showed an uneven distribution of the pandemic in Senegal with a high concentration of transmission in urban areas located in the west and centre-west of the country, particularly in Dakar, ThiÚs, Mbour and Touba-Mbacké. High transmission periods are observed in June and July with a high incidence in adults and the elderly. The coronavirus pandemic has shown the limits of human effectiveness in the face of the aggressiveness of SARS-COV-2. These shortcomings should encourage unity and solidarity in strengthening global health governance in the face of ongoing social change