Correlacciones matematicas para la obtencion de rendimiento de produccion, remocion de cenizas y particion de agua usando un hidrociclon “solo agua�

Se obtuvieron correlaciones matemáticas de rendimiento de producción, remoción de cenizas y partición de agua para describir el comportamiento de un hidrociclon “solo aguaâ€� (usa solamente agua como medio denso) desde el punto de vista hidráulico y geométrico. Se utilizó un hidrociclón de 254mm de diámetro y un carbón de la mina la Yolanda (Valle del Cauca). La concentración másica de carbón usada fue entre 3.0 y 10.0% (p/p), la longitud del “vortex finderâ€� entre 152.4 y 228.6mm y el diámetro del “apexâ€� entre 19.1 y 44.5mm. A partir de las diferentes pruebas se obtuvieron rendimientos de producción entre 11.9 y 83.2% (p/p) y remociones de cenizas entre 41.8 y 95.2% (p/p). Las ecuaciones matemáticas obtenidas presentaron factores de correlación superiores al 98.7% lo cual predice buena confiabilidad entre los resultados experimentales y los teóricos

Experimental data on morphological characterization of chars from coal and bagasse blends

© 2020 The Authors Morphological characterization of chars from coal and bagasse plays an important role in both the burning efficiency and intrinsic reactivity of chars, during a combustion process [1], [2]. In this work, abundant data on the morphology of chars produced from coal and bagasse blends are presented. Char synthesis was performed varying the temperature (900, 1000 and 1100 °C) and bagasse proportion feeding (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% w/w) in the pyrolysis reaction. Proximate, ultimate, petrographic and vitrinite reflectance of raw coal and bagasse are presented. Char morphology is classified into three groups -- thin walls, thick walls, and solid particles--, and results are exhibited. The data set is a comprehensive source for advancing in a further understanding of char's morphology from coal-bagasse blends

Características termogravimétricas de carbonizados obtenidos a altas velocidades de calentamiento

La reactividad de un carbón en los procesos de combustión la determinan las características termogravimétricas de sus carboni- zados. En este trabajo se estudiaron las características termogravimétricas de carbonizados obtenidos en una reactor tubular de caída. Los carbonizados proceden de la desvolatilización de tres carbones bituminosos, se prepararon a tres tiempos (100, 150 y 300 ms), tres temperaturas (900, 1.000 y 1.100 °C) de desvolatilización y a altas velocidades de calentamiento (104K/s). Estos carbonizados se quemaron para obtener los perfiles de combustión por termogravimetría no isotérmica (calentando hasta 900°C) y por termogravimetría isotérmica a temperaturas de quemado 700, 800 y 900 °C. Por termogravimetría no isotérmica se determinaron las temperaturas características (temperaturas de ignición, pico y final). Se encontró que los carbonizados del carbón La Yolanda presentan los mayores valores de las temperaturas características. Por termogravimetría isotérmica se en- contró que la velocidad de quemado de los carbonizados de los tres carbones disminuye con el aumento del tiempo de desvo- latilización y de la temperatura de quemado.Coal reactivity during combustion is determined by the thermogravimetric characteristics of char. The thermogravimetric charac- teristics of chars obtained in a drop-tube furnace were studied in this work. Chars from the devolatilisation of three bituminous coals were obtained at three times (100, 150 and 300 ms), three temperatures (900, 1,000 and 1,100°C) and at high heat rate (104 K/s). The chars were burned using non-isothermal thermogravimetry (heated to 900°C) and isothermal thermogravimetry at 700°C, 800°C and 900°C to obtain their combustion profiles. Characteristic temperatures (ignition, peak and final tempe- ratures) were determined by non-isothermal thermogravimetry; it was found that chars from La Yolanda coal gave the highest figures for the characteristic temperatures. Isothermal thermogravimetry revealed that the combustion rate for the three coals decreased with increased devolatilisation time and combustion temperature

Producción de hidrocarburos líquidos y gaseosos mediante la colicuefacción térmica del carbón mineral con residuos de polietileno de baja densidad

In this work, it was performed a thermal liquefaction of a sub-bituminous coal from La Yolanda colliery (Valle del Cauca) with low density polyethylene waste in presence of tetraline and hydrogen. Experimental conditions used were a batch reactor of 115 ml magnetically stirred, temperatures of 380, 400, 420C, mass relation coal/poliethylene/tetraline of 1/5/3 and residence time of 30 minutes. Results showed that for the thermal coliquefaction using tetraline, conversion decrease with increase of temperature, whereas oils, asphaltenes, preasphaltenes and selectivity have a contrary behavior. Results also showed that, at 400 C, both high conversion and asphaltenes concentration were obtained using coal and waste polyethylene only. However, at those conditions selectivity to oils was lower than 20%.En este trabajo, un carbón sub bituminoso de la mina La Yolanda (Valle del Cauca), se colicuó térmicamente con residuos de polietileno de baja densidad (LDPE), en presencia de tetralina e hidrógeno. Se usó un reactor batch de 115 ml y agitación magnética, temperaturas de 380, 400 y 420C, relaciones de masa carbón/polietileno/tetralina 1/5/3 y tiempo de residencia de 30 minutos. Los resultados muestran que para la colicuefacción térmica en presencia de tetralina, la conversión total y la distribución de productos fueron una función de la temperatura de reacción; la conversión decrece mientras que los aceites, asfaltenos, preasfaltenos y la selectividad se incrementan con la temperatura. Los resultados también muestran que elevadas conversiones y concentración de asfaltenos fueron obtenidas a 400C utilizando una mezcla de carbón polietileno únicamente. En estas condiciones, la selectividad hacia aceites usualmente fue más baja que el 20%

Constantes cinéticas de flotación del grupo maceral vitrinita de dos carbones colombianos

Las constantes cinéticas de flotación del grupo maceral vitrinita son importantes para diseñar columnas de flotación destinadas a separar este grupo maceral. En este trabajo se muestra el efecto del pH, velocidad del aire y concentración de espumante sobre la constante cinética de flotación del grupo maceral vitrinita de dos carbones bituminosos colombianos: El Cerrejón (La Guajira) y La Jagua (Cesar). Una columna de flotación a escala piloto de 5 m de altura se utilizó en todos los experimentos. Las muestras se procesaron usando un rango de pH entre 4 y 10, velocidad del aire entre 0,7 y 2,1 cm/s y concentración de espumante en el rango 2 a 6 ml de espumante/kg de carbón. Los carbones La Jagua y El Cerrejón mostraron altos valores de la constante cinéti- ca en medio ácido (0,692 min-1 a pH 4 y 0,559 min-1 a pH 5, respectivamente). Los resultados mostraron que, en general, las mejores condiciones de operación para obtener altos valores de la constante cinética del grupo maceral vitrinita fueron medio ácido y bajos flujo de aire y de concentración de espumante, respectivamente.Vitrinite maceral flotation kinetic constants are important in designing flotation columns to be used in separating this maceral group. This work shows the effect of pH, air speed and froth concentration on vitrinite maceral flotation kinetic constants by using two Colombian bituminous coals: El Cerrejón (Guajira) and La Jagua (Cesar). A 5 m high pilot-scale flotation column was used in all runs. The samples were processed using 4-10 pH, 0.7-2.1 cm/s air speed and 2-6 ml/kg of coal froth concentration ran- ges. Both La Jagua and El Cerrejón coals showed high kinetic constants figures in acid conditions (0.692 min-1 at pH 4 and 0.559 min-1 at pH 5, respectively). The results showed that, generally, the best operating conditions for obtaining high vitrinite maceral kinetic constant values were having an acid medium and low air flow and froth concentration

Morfología de carbonizados de carbones beneficiados

Este trabajo evaluó la morfología de carbonizados beneficiados y sin beneficiar (originales) de cuatro carbones colombianos: El Cerrejón (Guajira), La Jagua (Cesar), Guachinte (Valle) y Nechí (Antioquia). Los carbones beneficiados se obtuvieron usando un proceso de flotación en columna, mientras que los carbonizados, en un reactor tubular de caída a 1000 °C, con una velocidad de calentamiento de 104 °C/s y un tiempo de residencia de 100 ms. Los carbonizados se analizaron usando análisis de imagen, con la cual se determinó su forma, tamaño, porosidad y espesor de pared. Se encontró que la morfología de los carbonizados depende del rango del carbón y de su composición maceral. Características morfológicas tales como alta porosidad, menor espesor de pared y morfología tipo red, adecuadas para una mejor combustión, se encontraron en los carbones de menor rango y ricos en vitrinita y liptinita. Se halló que los carbonizados de carbones beneficiados poseen mejores características morfológicas en comparación con los carbonizados de carbones originales.This work evaluated the char morphology of beneficiated and original coal (without beneficiation) from four Colombian coalmines: Cerrejón (La Guajira), La Jagua (Cesar), Guachinte (Valle del Cauca) and Nechí (Antioquia). Column flotation was used to obtain beneficiated coal, whereas a drop tube reactor at 1,000°C, 104 °C/s heating rate and 100 ms residence time was used to obtain char. The chars were analysed by image analysis which determined their shape, size, porosity and wall thickness. It was found that char morphology depended on coal rank and maceral composition. Morphological characteristics like high porosity, thinner walls and network-like morphology which are beneficial in improving combustion were present in vitrinite- and liptinite-rich lowest-ranking coals. Beneficiated coals showed that their chars had better performance regarding their morphological characteristics than their original coal chars

Effect of pyrolysis, impregnation, and calcination conditions on the physicochemical properties of TiO2/Biochar composites intended for photocatalytic applications

Biochars are outstanding materials obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass, possessing unique physicochemical properties that are attractive for many environmental applications, including photocatalysis. In this work, we have synthesized for the first time TiO2/Biochar composites using Aeroxide P25 TiO2 and biochars produced from the thermal treatment at low (or null) oxygen content of Colombian coconut shells. To explore and ultimately tune the final physicochemical properties of the TiO2/Biochars materials, a facile wet impregnation method was assessed, in which the following factors were evaluated: 1) Temperature and 2) %O2 in the pyrolysis of the biomass, 3) TiO2/Biochar ratio used in the impregnation and 4) Calcination temperature of the TiO2/Biochar composites. A comprehensive characterization of the novel composites was done, using techniques such as: XRD, XPS, BET, ATR-FTIR, diffuse reflectance, PL, SEM, and electrochemical analysis. The material synthesized with TPyrol = 350 ◦C, %O2 = 2.5, T/B = 0.8 and TCal of 800 ◦C presented notable properties such as low Eg, reduced recombination of e--h+ pairs, a high surface area, and a relatively high photogeneration of charges, and interestingly, it experienced phase transition from Anatase-Rutile to Anatase-Brookite. On the other hand, low TPyrol and high %O2 values conduct to hydrophilic functional groups on the TiO2/Biochar composites, whereas the use of higher TPyrol and TCal lead to a more hydrophobic character but promote the reduction of the recombination of photogenerated e--h+ pairs. As a result, this information is relevant for planning future applications of photocatalysis for degrading pollutants of different chemical nature.Minciencias-Fulbright-Universidad del Vall

Experimental data on the production and characterization of biochars derived from coconut-shell wastes obtained from the Colombian Pacific Coast at low temperature pyrolysis

Biochars are emerging eco-friendly products showing outstanding properties in areas such as carbon sequestration, soil amendment, bioremediation, biocomposites, and bioenergy. These interesting materials can be synthesized from a wide variety of waste-derived sources, including lignocellulosic biomass wastes, manure and sewage sludge. In this work, abundant data on biochars produced from coconut-shell wastes obtained from the Colombian Pacific Coast are presented. Biochar synthesis was performed varying the temperature (in the range: 280 �Ce420 �C) and O2 feeding (in the range: 0e5% v/v) in the pyrolysis reaction. Production yields and some biochar properties such as particle size, Zeta Potential, elemental content (C, N, Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Ti, Zn), BET surface area, FT-IR spectrum, XRD spectrum, and SEM morphology are presented. This data set is a comprehensive resource to gain a further understanding of biochars, and is a valuable tool for addressing the strategic exploitation of the multiple benefits they hav

Novel Thermal and Microscopic Techniques To Determine the Causes of Suboptimal Combustion Performance at Colombian Stoker Furnaces

This study presents the application of a novel approach, using thermal and optical techniques, to identify the causes of poor burnout performance of Colombian stoker furnaces in the Cauca Valley State. The four coals used in these furnaces were characterized to obtain particle size distribution, particle and tapped density, elemental and proximate composition, mineral composition, and maceral content. Up to 80% incomplete combustion was noted in macro-TGA tests compared to complete combustion in a micro-TGA. Reflectance and intrinsic reactivity measurements were for chars prepared in three different particle sizes (<6, 6–19, and 19 mm), three temperatures (700, 900, and 1050 °C), and three residence times (10, 30, and 120 min). Two of the coals produced char samples with reflectance values above 6%, which matched those seen in the stoker, indicating that the furnace temperature was not the cause of poor combustion and that only two of the four coals were likely to be present in the furnace bottom ash. These tests were also able to prove that oxygen diffusion limitation was the root cause of the poor burnout where the carbon inside the furnace bottom ash was shielded from oxygen ingress through the formation of a nonpermeable slag layer. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of both thermal profiling and optical reflectance as a tool for forensically evaluating the thermal history and operational performance of furnaces

Upgrading of Low-Grade Colombian Coals via Low-Cost and Sustainable Calcium Nitrate Dense Media Separation

Wet coal beneficiation in Colombia is prohibitive due to the high cost and scarcity of commonly used dense media. The practical value of this study is that it demonstrates for the first time that a common fertiliser, calcium nitrate, can be used in the beneficiation of low grade Colombian coals. Three high ash low-grade Colombian coals (Valle, Cundinamarca, and Antioquia) commonly used in Colombian sugar mill stoker furnaces were tested. Coal mineralogy and prevalence were analysed before and after washing using Mineral Liberation Analysis. The swelling potential of the coals was assessed using a novel application of Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) and an ash fusion oven (AFO). Calcium Nitrate reduced ash levels across all size fractions, even for high ash coals like Valle (29% to below 7%) to acceptable levels for coke manufacture or pulverised fuel combustion. The novel use of TMA and AFO to analyse coal swelling demonstrated that swelling varies in constrained and unconstrained conditions, and the small sample size allows for rapid testing of coal swelling. This study has demonstrated that the use of common fertilisers can allow beneficiation to become a processing option for low-grade coals in Official Development Assistance countries where conventional dense media is prohibitively expensive