"Digital kompetanse i individuelle opplæringsplaner?" : hva legges i begrepet digital kompetanse i utdanningspolitiske dokumenter og hvilken relevans har dette for utarbeidelsen av individuelle opplæringsplaner?

1.Problemstilling Temaet i denne masteroppgaven er begrepet digital kompetanse og relevansen av det i individuelle opplæringsplaner. Læreplanverket for kunnskapsløftet (Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2006) opererer med fem grunnleggende ferdigheter som beskriver avgjørende forutsetningene for at elevene skal få utbytte av opplæring. Den femte, grunnleggende ferdighet er å bruke digitale verktøy. Gjennom oppgaven, har jeg forsøkt å belyse, hvilke andre ferdigheter, kriterier og momenter inngår i begrepet digital kompetanse. Hovedproblemstilling er: Hva legges i begrepet digital kompetanse i utdanningspolitiske dokumenter og hvilken relevans har dette for utarbeidelsen av individuelle opplæringsplaner. For å svare på hovedproblemstillingen, har jeg delt oppgaven i tre deler, hvorav i den første del avklares begrepet digital kompetanse med bakgrunn i en teoretisk tilnærming. Definisjoner av kompetanse, literacy, ICT/digital literacy, media literacy og digitale ferdigheter bidrar sammen til å operasjonalisere digital kompetanse. Videre i oppgaven svarer jeg på problemstillingens andre del om hva legges i begrepet digital kompetanse i utdanningspolitiske dokumenter gjennom dokumentanalyse av Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløfte (Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2006), Storingsmelding 30 Kultur for læring (Kunnskapsdepertementet, 2003-2004) og Program for digital kompetanse 2004-2008 (Utdannings- og forskningsdepartementet, 2004). I oppgavens siste del drøftes relevansen av begrepet digital kompetanse slik den er fremstilt i dokumentene i individuelle opplæringsplaner. 2.Kilder og metode Den metodiske tilnærmingen til oppgaven er teoretisk. Den behandler relevant faglitteratur og dokumenter som blir presentert, analysert og drøftet. Oppgavens konklusjon tar utgangspunkt i en analyse av styringsdokumenter som omhandler digital kompetanse i skolen. Framstillinger og vurderinger i oppgaven er bygd på primær- og sekundærkilder, samt styringsdokumenter. Dokumentanalysen ble foretatt på bakgrunn av Kamil Øzerks (1999) sin pedagogisk- filosofiske tilnærming til grunnskolens opplæringspraksis. Øzerks fremstilling har dannet grunnlaget for identifisering og drøfting av relevante utsagn i dokumentene. Valg av styringsdokumenter og oppgavens problemområde er avgrenset til Goodlads (1979) femte læreplannivået som belyser den formelle og ideenes læreplan. I forhold til drøfting av digital kompetanse i individuelle opplæringsplaner benytter jeg blant annet deler av modellen til Thomas Nordahl og Terje Overland (2001). 3.Konklusjoner Ut ifra en analyse av styringsdokumenter kommer det frem at begrepet digital kompetanse innebærer følgende momenter: For det første vektlegges kritisk holdning eller det å være kritisk. Videre påpekes problemløsning, refleksjon eller det å være vurderende og drøftende. Det neste som trekkes frem er samarbeid eller det å være kommunikativ, tolerant og det å delta i sosiale relasjoner. Videre understrekes utforskning eller det å være utforskende, nysgjerrig, undrende, oppdagende og sannhetssøkende. Samtidig vektlegges det å mestre skiftende omgivelser og oppnåelsen av funksjonell kunnskap. Digital kompetanse synes i tillegg å innebære det å være kreativ, selvstendig og ansvarlig. Evner som ble nevnt utvikles gjennom sosiale relasjoner og erfaringer. Ut fra den foretatte analysen konkluderte jeg med at begrepet digital kompetanse har flere sider og ikke er ensbetydende med bruk av IKT/digitale verktøy. Drøfting av overordede mål for opplæring i individuelle opplæringsplaner (IOP) som omhandler samfunnsnivå, mellommenneskelig nivå og individnivå viser at momentene i begrepet digital kompetanse som jeg har kommet frem gjennom dokumentanalysen er relevante for utarbeidelsen av individuelle opplæringsplaner. Det å klare seg i samfunnet og fremtidig arbeidsliv, utvikle kommunikative evner og samarbeidsevner samt oppnå ferdigheter som er til personlig nytte forutsetter de egenskapene som inngår i begrepet digital kompetanse konstatert i første konklusjon. Skolens oppgave er blant annet å utvikle elevene i retning av å bli likeverdige medlemmer samfunnet. I tråd med læreplanens intensjoner som jeg skisserer omhandler funksjonell og likeverdig fungering i dette samfunnet, også digital kompetanse. Dermed mener jeg at digital kompetanse er relevant i individuelle opplæringsplaner både på samfunnsnivå, mellommenneskelig nivå og individnivå. Og slik jeg påpeker i oppgaven inneholder digital kompetanse mye mer enn bruk av digitale verktøy i teknisk forstand

Self-absorption in the solar transition region

Transient brightenings in the transition region of the Sun have been studied for decades and are usually related to magnetic reconnection. Recently, absorption features due to chromospheric lines have been identified in transition region emission lines raising the question of the thermal stratification during such reconnection events. We analyse data from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) in an emerging active region. Here the spectral profiles show clear self-absorption features in the transition region lines of Si\,{\sc{iv}}. While some indications existed that opacity effects might play some role in strong transition region lines, self-absorption has not been observed before. We show why previous instruments could not observe such self-absorption features, and discuss some implications of this observation for the corresponding structure of reconnection events in the atmosphere. Based on this we speculate that a range of phenomena, such as explosive events, blinkers or Ellerman bombs, are just different aspects of the same reconnection event occurring at different heights in the atmosphere.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

Two-horn quiescent prominence observed in H-alpha and MgII h&k lines with THEMIS and IRIS

Prominences are large magnetic structures in the corona filled by cool plasma with fast evolving fine structure. We aim to better understand the plasma conditions in the fine structure of a quiescent prominence including two transient horns observed at the bottom of the cavity using the high-resolution spectrograph IRIS and the MulTi-Raies (MTR) spectrograph of the THEMIS in the Canary Islands. We analysed the spectra obtained in H-alpha by THEMIS and MgII by IRIS and compare them with a grid of 23940 1D radiative transfer models which include a prominence-to-corona transition region (PCTR). The full observed profiles of MgII in each pixel are fitted completely by synthesised profiles with xRMS (Cross RMS; an improved version of the rolling root mean square (rRMS) method). When the RMS is below a certain threshold value, we recover the plasma conditions from the parameters of the model best fitting the observed line profile. This criterion is met in two regions (the horns and edge of the prominence) where the line profiles can generally be described as single peaked. The 1D models suggest that two different kinds of model atmospheres correspond to these two regions. The region at the edge is found to be fitted mainly with isothermal and isobaric models, while the other area (the horns) is seen to be fitted with models with a PCTR that have optical thicknesses <5. In the prominence edge, the theoretical relationship between the integrated intensities in H-alpha and MgII is verified and corresponds to low emission measure values. In these regions the electron density is ~10^10 cm^{-3}, while it is one order of magnitude less in the horn regions. In the horns, we find some profiles are best fitted with models with high mean temperatures. This suggests that the hot PCTR found in the horns could be interpreted as prominence plasma in condensation phase at the bottom of the coronal cavity.Comment: 24 pages, 19 figures, manuscript accepted to publication in A&

1,3-Bis(carboxy­meth­yl)imidazolium triiodide 1-carboxyl­atomethyl-3-carboxy­methyl­imidazolium

In the title compound, C7H9N2O4 +·I3 −·C7H8N2O4, the two imidazolium units are hydrogen bonded through the carboxyl groups. The units are further linked via inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding, resulting in a one-dimensional ladder-type structure. As a result, the two carb­oxy groups of each imidazolium unit adopt a cis configuration with respect to the imidazolium ring

Sentinel lymph node mapping in endometrial cancer after 2020 ESGO-ESTRO-ESP consensus update: what will happen in the next few years?

Comprehensive endometrial cancer staging requires mandatory lymph node status assessment. However, some randomized clinical studies show that full lymphadenectomy may have no therapeutic benefit in patients presented with early-stage disease. Sentinel lymph node mapping can be considered in patients at low to intermediate risk for nodal metastases and is an acceptable alternative to systemic lymphadenectomy for lymph node staging in FIGO stage I/II patients. Similarly, patients with serious comorbidities who might not tolerate a standard systemic lymphadenectomy may benefit from the procedure. Sentinel lymph node detection rates depend on cancer stage, histology, and technique used. The procedure is most performed with the use of radioactive technetium colloid (99mTc) combined with a blue dye or indocyanine green. Recently, more interest is also paid to new nanoparticles including carbon, superparamagnetic iron oxide, and mannose tracer agents. Growing interest in sentinel lymph node mapping technique has led to design increasing number of research projects regarding various mapping approaches in different endometrial cancer populations. Much attention has been paid to a non-invasive sentinel lymph node mapping technique e.g., radiomics. This article reviews the latest research on sentinel lymph node mapping perspectives in endometrial cancer patients

A statistical comparison of EUV brightenings observed by SO/EUI with simulated brightenings in nonpotential simulations

Open access funding provided by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. L.H. and K.B. are grateful to the SNF for the funding of the project number 200021_188390. D.H.M. would like to thank the STFC for support via consolidated grant ST/W001195/1. K.A.M. would like to thank the STFC for support via consortium grant ST/W001098/1.The High Resolution Imager (HRIEUV) telescope of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument onboard Solar Orbiter has observed EUV brightenings, so-called campfires, as fine-scale structures at coronal temperatures. The goal of this paper is to compare the basic geometrical (size, orientation) and physical (intensity, lifetime) properties of the EUV brightenings with regions of energy dissipation in a nonpotential coronal magnetic-field simulation. In the simulation, HMI line-of-sight magnetograms are used as input to drive the evolution of solar coronal magnetic fields and energy dissipation. We applied an automatic EUV-brightening detection method to EUV images obtained on 30 May 2020 by the HRIEUV telescope. We applied the same detection method to the simulated energy dissipation maps from the nonpotential simulation to detect simulated brightenings. We detected EUV brightenings with a density of 1.41×10−3 brightenings/Mm2 in the EUI observations and simulated brightenings between 2.76×10−2 – 4.14×10−2 brightenings/Mm2 in the simulation, for the same time range. Although significantly more brightenings were produced in the simulations, the results show similar distributions of the key geometrical and physical properties of the observed and simulated brightenings. We conclude that the nonpotential simulation can successfully reproduce statistically the characteristic properties of the EUV brightenings (typically with more than 85% similarity); only the duration of the events is significantly different between observations and simulation. Further investigations based on high-cadence and high-resolution magnetograms from Solar Orbiter are under consideration to improve the agreement between observation and simulation.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Solar prominence diagnostics and their associated estimated errors from 1D NLTE Mg II h&k modelling

Aims. We present further development of the rolling root mean square (rRMS) algorithm. These improvements consist of an increase in computational speed and an estimation of the uncertainty on the recovered diagnostics. This improved algorithm is named the cross root mean square (xRMS) algorithm. Methods. We used the quantile method to recover the statistics of the line profiles in order to study the evolution of the prominence observed by IRIS on 1 October 2019. We then introduced the improvements to rRMS. These improvements greatly increased the computational speed, and this increase in speed allowed us to use a large model grid. Thus, we utilised a grid of 23 940 models to recover the thermodynamic diagnostics. We used the “good” (but not “best”) fitting models to recover an estimate of the uncertainty on the recovered diagnostics. Results. The maximum line-of-sight (LOS) velocities were found to be 70 km s−1. The line widths were mostly 0.4 Å, with the asymmetries of most pixels around zero. The central temperature of the prominence was found to range from 10 kK to 20 kK, with uncertainties of approximately ±5 to ±15 kK. The central pressure was around 0.2 dyn cm−2, with uncertainties of ±0.2 to ±0.3 dyn cm−2. The ionisation degree ranged from 1 to 1000, with uncertainties mostly in the range ±10 to ±100. The electron density was mostly 1010 cm−3, with uncertainties of mostly ±109. Conclusions. The new xRMS algorithm finds an estimation of the errors of the recovered thermodynamic properties. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at systematically determining the errors from forward modelling. The large range of errors found may hint at the degeneracies present when using a single ion and/or species from forward modelling. In the future, co-aligned observations of more than one ion and/or species should be used to attempt to constrain this problem