Null creation of air-filled structural pores by soil cracking and shrinkage in silty loamy soils

Information about abiotic regeneration of air-filled porosity in silty soils is scarce. It could be a key mechanism to explain their low physical resilience. In the present work, we aim at evaluating whether changes in intrinsic soil properties (e.g., soil organic carbon, clay content, and clay mineralogy) caused by degradation affected soil volume response to wetting-drying cycles. Volume and size distribution of cracks and clod shrinkage curves were determined in silty loamy soils (Typic Argiudoll) of Argentina under nearby conventionally tilled (CT), eroded CT, and Pasture management. Crack volume increased from 1000 cm3 in CT and Pasture soils to 6000 cm3 in the more clayey and swelling eroded CT soil. Crack size distribution was similar in all studied soils with large cracks (first and second size order) prevailing over small ones (fourth and fifth size order). Clod shrinkage curves had no S-shape, thus showing the lack of structural shrinkage in all studied soil management regimens. Air content in structural pores was as low as 0.03 to 0.10 cm3 gj1 at the air entry point. This little air entry during drying agreed with the lack of small cracks and can be related to the prevalence of plasma (i.e., silt and clay) over sand. Results showed that key intrinsic properties did not drive soil volume changes in the studied silty loamy soils. They change their volume during drying, but the creation of air-filled structural pores is little or null.Fil: Taboada, Miguel Angel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barbosa, Osvaldo Andres. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Cosentino, Diego. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. Cátedra de Edafología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

The variability of salinity and humidity in the genesis of soils of a wetland

Las sales son un importante factor en la formación, evolución y clasificación de los suelos. Los humedales salinos son ambientes permanente o frecuentemente inundados, lo que determina normalmente el desa­rrollo de suelos halohidromórficos y vegetación halófita. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la génesis de suelos halohidromórficos en un bajo salino de San Luis (Argentina). El área estudiada fue la depresión denominada “Bajo Las Saladas”, localizada a los 33º 37´ de latitud Sur y 65º 25´ longitud Oeste, con una superficie de 120,7 ha. Se delimitaron los tipos fisonómicos de vegetación en diferentes subpaisajes. Se ubicaron varias parcelas de seguimiento en cada tipo fisonómico, y en ellas se realizaron las descripciones de los suelos y profundidad al nivel freático. Se muestrearon los horizontes, se analizaron y se procedió a clasificar los suelos taxonómicamente. En el sector llano se identificó el monte halófilo cuyos suelos se clasificaron como Haplustoles típicos. En el subpaisaje depresión salina el tipo fisonómico Matorral halófilo (dominado por Atriplex spp.) ocupa los suelos menos salinos, con mayor pH y nivel freático más profundo y los suelos se clasificaron como Ustortentes típicos o Epiacuentes típicos. En las áreas más húmedas y sa­linas aparecen parches de arbustal halófilo rastrero (dominado por Sarcocornia neei) y praderas abiertas de Distichlis spicata, praderas densas de D. spicata y en las zonas con mayor encharcamiento y anoxia, playas salinas que no presentan vegetación. Estos suelos se clasificaron como Epiacuentes típicos, con diferente distribución de horizontes, algunos con horizontes gley, en los restantes subpaisajes. En la génesis de es­tos suelos intervienen conjuntamente varios factores, como profundidad freática, salinidad, microrelieve, textura, y grado y duración del anegamiento.Salts are an important factor in the formation and evolution of soils, and their classification. Saline wetlands are permanently or frequently flooded environments, which normally causes the development of halohydromorphic soils and halophytic vegetation. The aim of this work was to study the genesis of halohydromorphic soils in a saline wetland in San Luis (Argentina). The area studied was the depression called “Bajo Las Saladas”, located at 33º 37’ South latitude and 65º 25’ West longitude, with an area of 120.7 ha. The physiognomic types of vegetation in different sub-landscapes were delimited. Descriptions of the soils and depth to the water table were carried out in the monitoring plots located in each physiognomic type. The horizons were sampled, analyzed and the soils were classified. In the flat sector, soils of the halophilic bush were classified as typic Haplustolls. In the saline depression sublandscape, the physiognomic type Halophilic bush (dominated by Atriplex spp.) occupies the less saline soils, with higher pH and deeper water table, and the soils were typic Ustorthents or typic Epiaquents. In the more humid and saline areas there are patches of creeping halophilic bush (dominated by Sarcocornia neei), open meadows of Distichlis spicata, dense meadows of D. spicata and in the areas with greater flooding and anoxia, free of vegetation saline beaches. Those soils were classified as typic Epiaquents showing different distribution of horizons, some with glei horizons. Several factors intervene jointly in the genesis of these soils, such as water table depth, salinity, micro-relief, texture, and degree and duration of flooding.Fil: Barbosa, Osvaldo Andres. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Económico Sociales. Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Álvarez Rogel, Jorge. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; EspañaFil: Lavado, Raul Silvio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Riscosa, Daniel Alberto. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Económico Sociales. Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentin

The variability of salinity and humidity in the genesis of soils of a wetland

Las sales son un importante factor en la formación, evolución y clasificación de los suelos. Los humedales salinos son ambientes permanente o frecuentemente inundados, lo que determina normalmente el desa­rrollo de suelos halohidromórficos y vegetación halófita. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la génesis de suelos halohidromórficos en un bajo salino de San Luis (Argentina). El área estudiada fue la depresión denominada “Bajo Las Saladas”, localizada a los 33º 37´ de latitud Sur y 65º 25´ longitud Oeste, con una superficie de 120,7 ha. Se delimitaron los tipos fisonómicos de vegetación en diferentes subpaisajes. Se ubicaron varias parcelas de seguimiento en cada tipo fisonómico, y en ellas se realizaron las descripciones de los suelos y profundidad al nivel freático. Se muestrearon los horizontes, se analizaron y se procedió a clasificar los suelos taxonómicamente. En el sector llano se identificó el monte halófilo cuyos suelos se clasificaron como Haplustoles típicos. En el subpaisaje depresión salina el tipo fisonómico Matorral halófilo (dominado por Atriplex spp.) ocupa los suelos menos salinos, con mayor pH y nivel freático más profundo y los suelos se clasificaron como Ustortentes típicos o Epiacuentes típicos. En las áreas más húmedas y sa­linas aparecen parches de arbustal halófilo rastrero (dominado por Sarcocornia neei) y praderas abiertas de Distichlis spicata, praderas densas de D. spicata y en las zonas con mayor encharcamiento y anoxia, playas salinas que no presentan vegetación. Estos suelos se clasificaron como Epiacuentes típicos, con diferente distribución de horizontes, algunos con horizontes gley, en los restantes subpaisajes. En la génesis de es­tos suelos intervienen conjuntamente varios factores, como profundidad freática, salinidad, microrelieve, textura, y grado y duración del anegamiento.Salts are an important factor in the formation and evolution of soils, and their classification. Saline wetlands are permanently or frequently flooded environments, which normally causes the development of halohydromorphic soils and halophytic vegetation. The aim of this work was to study the genesis of halohydromorphic soils in a saline wetland in San Luis (Argentina). The area studied was the depression called “Bajo Las Saladas”, located at 33º 37’ South latitude and 65º 25’ West longitude, with an area of 120.7 ha. The physiognomic types of vegetation in different sub-landscapes were delimited. Descriptions of the soils and depth to the water table were carried out in the monitoring plots located in each physiognomic type. The horizons were sampled, analyzed and the soils were classified. In the flat sector, soils of the halophilic bush were classified as typic Haplustolls. In the saline depression sublandscape, the physiognomic type Halophilic bush (dominated by Atriplex spp.) occupies the less saline soils, with higher pH and deeper water table, and the soils were typic Ustorthents or typic Epiaquents. In the more humid and saline areas there are patches of creeping halophilic bush (dominated by Sarcocornia neei), open meadows of Distichlis spicata, dense meadows of D. spicata and in the areas with greater flooding and anoxia, free of vegetation saline beaches. Those soils were classified as typic Epiaquents showing different distribution of horizons, some with glei horizons. Several factors intervene jointly in the genesis of these soils, such as water table depth, salinity, micro-relief, texture, and degree and duration of flooding.Fil: Barbosa, Osvaldo Andres. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Económico Sociales. Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Álvarez Rogel, Jorge. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; EspañaFil: Lavado, Raul Silvio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Riscosa, Daniel Alberto. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Económico Sociales. Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentin

Incubation increases oxidative imbalance compared to chick rearing in a seabird, the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)

It is expected that activities which require a high use of energy could generate higher oxidative stress. In the present study, we have compared two breeding periods (incubation and chick rearing) with different energetic demands in the Magellanic penguin, predicting a higher oxidative unbalance during chick rearing since involves higher demanding activities such as chick feeding and greater nest protection than during incubation. Specifically, we predicted higher oxidative damage and lower antioxidant defences during chick rearing than during incubation. Fieldwork was conducted in a Magellanic penguin colony located in Estancia San Lorenzo (42°05′S, 63°49′W), Peninsula Valdes, Argentina, during the breeding season of 2014–2015. Surprisingly, our results did not support our initial prediction. Incubating adults had their oxidative status unbalanced showing significantly lower antioxidant levels than those rearing chicks. Moreover, oxidative damage did not show any significant variation between both breeding periods. Further, we did not find differences in oxidative status between sexes. Our results suggest that incubation is a highly demanding activity compared to chick rearing in terms of oxidative balance since the lower presence of antioxidants can be explained as they have probably depleted to limit oxidative damage by ROS. Differential foraging effort could explain such results as Magellanic penguins adjust their foraging location to prey availability performing longer foraging trips during incubation than during chick rearing which increases the energy costs and therefore imbalance penguins oxidative status. Our results show the importance of examining physiological markers such as oxidative stress to assess differences during the breeding cycle and how the behaviour at sea could explain such differences in seabirds.Fil: Colominas Ciuró, Roger. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; EspañaFil: Bertellotti, Néstor Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Carabajal, Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: D'amico, Veronica Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Barbosa, Osvaldo Andres. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; Españ

Mode of attachment and pathology caused by Parorchites Zederi in three species of penguins: Pygoscelis Papua, Pygoscelis Adeliae, and Pygoscelis Antarctica in Antarctica

We identified and compared gross and microscopic lesions associated with the cestode, Parorchites zederi, in the digestive tracts of three species of penguins (Spheniscidae): the Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica), Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), and Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). The gastrointestinal tracts of 79 recently dead individuals (71 chicks and eight adults) were collected in locations throughout the Antarctic Peninsula during summer field trips in 2006–09. Parorchites zederi was found in the small intestine of 37 animals (47%), and 23 (62%) of these had parasite-associated lesions. The cestodes were either free in the intestinal lumen, clustered within mucosal ulcers, or deeply embedded in the intestinal wall. Histopathologic changes were most severe in adult Gentoo Penguins and included transmural fibrogranulomatous enteritis, hemorrhage, and edema. This report of pathology associated with P. zederi in the digestive tracts of penguins can serve as reference to monitor health in Antarctic birds associated with environmental changes.Fil: Martín, María A.. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Ortiz, Juana M.. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Seva, Juan. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Vidal, Virginia. Universidad de Murcia; España. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; EspañaFil: Valera, Francisco. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas; EspañaFil: Benzal, Jesús. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas; EspañaFil: Cuervo, José J.. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; EspañaFil: de la Cruz, Carlos. Universidad de Extremadura; EspañaFil: Belliure, Josabel. Universidad de Alcalá; EspañaFil: Martínez, Ana M.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Diaz, Julia Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Motas, Miguel. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Jerez, Silvia. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: D'amico, Veronica Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Barbosa, Osvaldo Andres. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; España. Universidad de Murcia; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Españ

Search for CPCP violation in D0^0→\to KS0^0_\mathrm{S}KS0^0_\mathrm{S} decays in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceA search is reported for charge-parity D$^0$$\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$$CP$ violation in D$^0$$\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ decays, using data collected in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment in 2018. The analysis uses a dedicated data set that corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 41.6 fb$^{-1}$, which consists of about 10 billion events containing a pair of ẖadrons, nearly all of which decay to charm hadrons. The flavor of the neutral D meson is determined by the pion charge in the reconstructed decays D$^{*+}$$\to$ D$^0\pi^+$ and D$^{*-}$$\to$ D$^0\pi^-$. The D$^0$$\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$$CP$ asymmetry in D$^0$$\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ is measured to be $A_{CP}$( K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$) = (6.2 $\pm$ 3.0 $\pm$ 0.2 $\pm$ 0.8)%, where the three uncertainties represent the statistical uncertainty, the systematic uncertainty, and the uncertainty in the measurement of the D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ $CP$ asymmetry in the D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}\pi^+\pi^-$ decay. This is the first D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ $CP$ asymmetry measurement by CMS in the charm sector as well as the first to utilize a fully hadronic final state

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger