Operações de fornecimento, produção e distribuição em uma cadeia de suprimentos do setor agro-alimentar

This paper describes and analyses critically some of the main operations in a supply chain (SC) that operates in the food industry, as an agribusiness fashion. The research method was the single case study. The contribution of the paper is the report of a case in which typical SC management techniques were observed in a food production system. The paper reviews the supply chain management (SCM) and the main business operations in SC. The research method was explained and justified. The report was divided in three kinds of operations: supply, production and distribution of goods. Along the report, it is pointed out weaknesses and some criticism was made to managerial issues observed in the supply chain. Key words: supply chain, supply chain management, logistic operations in agribusiness.O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever e analisar criticamente algumas das principais operações de uma cadeia de suprimentos (SC) que opera no setor agro-alimentar. O método de pesquisa foi o estudo de caso simples. A contribuição do artigo é o relato de um caso em que técnicas gerenciais típicas de SC foram observadas em uma cadeia agro-alimentar. O artigo faz uma revisão de conceitos de gestão na cadeia de suprimentos (SCM) e das operações em SC de interesse para a pesquisa. Foi justificado o método de pesquisa e descrito o método de trabalho. O relato do caso foi dividido em operações de fornecimento, produção e distribuição de bens, Ao longo do relato, foram apontadas fragilidades e feitas críticas a aspectos do SCM em vigor na cadeia. Palavras-chave: cadeia de suprimentos, gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos, logística em operações agro-alimentares

Operações de fornecimento, produção e distribuição em uma cadeia de suprimentos do setor agro-alimentar

This paper describes and analyses critically some of the main operations in a supply chain (SC) that operates in the food industry, as an agribusiness fashion. The research method was the single case study. The contribution of the paper is the report of a case in which typical SC management techniques were observed in a food production system. The paper reviews the supply chain management (SCM) and the main business operations in SC. The research method was explained and justified. The report was divided in three kinds of operations: supply, production and distribution of goods. Along the report, it is pointed out weaknesses and some criticism was made to managerial issues observed in the supply chain. Key words: supply chain, supply chain management, logistic operations in agribusiness.O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever e analisar criticamente algumas das principais operações de uma cadeia de suprimentos (SC) que opera no setor agro-alimentar. O método de pesquisa foi o estudo de caso simples. A contribuição do artigo é o relato de um caso em que técnicas gerenciais típicas de SC foram observadas em uma cadeia agro-alimentar. O artigo faz uma revisão de conceitos de gestão na cadeia de suprimentos (SCM) e das operações em SC de interesse para a pesquisa. Foi justificado o método de pesquisa e descrito o método de trabalho. O relato do caso foi dividido em operações de fornecimento, produção e distribuição de bens, Ao longo do relato, foram apontadas fragilidades e feitas críticas a aspectos do SCM em vigor na cadeia. Palavras-chave: cadeia de suprimentos, gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos, logística em operações agro-alimentares

Perfil Clínico e Epidemiológico de Pacientes com Suspeita de Aspergilose Pulmonar em Hospital do Estado Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Justificativa e objetivos: A aspergilose pulmonar consiste em uma grave infecção fúngica tendo como agente etiológico os fungos do gênero Aspergillus. A infecção acomete principalmente indivíduos imunocomprometidos, apresentando uma alta taxa de mortalidade entre os mesmosem decorrência do difícil diagnóstico e tratamento. Devido à dificuldade de obtenção de resultado positivo para a detecção de Aspergillus, em métodos tradicionais de cultura laboratorial, torna-se necessário avaliar técnicas alternativas para a detecção deste micro-organismo. Um dos avanços no diagnóstico da aspergilose é o teste da galactomanana, que detecta este polissacarídeo da membrana celular do fungo, o qual, durante a infecção, é secretado na corrente sanguínea do hospedeiro. Métodos: Este estudo consistiu em uma análise de 24 pacientes internados no período de 2012 a 2014 em um hospital terciário do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para análise epidemiológica, os seguintes dados foram coletados sobre os pacientes com suspeita de aspergilose invasiva: idade, sexo, unidade de internação hospitalar, doença de base, dados clínicos e radiológicos, uso de antimicrobianos e resultados do teste da galactomanana. Resultados: Com base nos resultados analisados, 10 pacientes (41,6%) mostraram resultado positivo para o teste da galactomanana. Os pacientes apresentaram principalmente neutropenia prolongada consequente de doenças hematológicas. Além disso, a febre persistente a despeito de antibióticos de amplo espectro foi o principal sinal clínico associado à suspeita de aspergilose pulmonar invasiva. Conclusão: O presente trabalho corrobora com estudos anteriores e reforça a ideia da necessidade de uma detecção precoce da aspergilose. DESCRITORES: Aspergilose. Diagnóstico Diferencial. Neutropeni

Perfil Clínico e Epidemiológico de Pacientes com Suspeita de Aspergilose Pulmonar em Hospital do Estado Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Background and objectives: Pulmonary aspergillosis consists in a serious fungal infection and its etiological agent is the fungi of the genus Aspergillus.The infection mainly affects immunocompromised individuals and has a high mortality rate among them, related to the difficult diagnosis and treatment. Due to the difficulty to obtain positive results for Aspergillus in traditional methods of laboratory culture, it becomes necessary to evaluate alternative techniques for the detection of this microorganism. One of the advances in the diagnosis of aspergillosis is the galactomannan test, which detects this fungal cellular membrane polysaccharide that is released in the host bloodstream during infection. Methods: This study consisted of an analysis of 24 hospitalized patients in the period of 2012 to 2014, in a tertiary hospital of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. For epidemiological analysis, the following data about the patients were collected: age, sex, hospitalization unit, underlying disorders, clinical and radiological data, antimicrobial use and results of the galactomannan test. Results: Based on the analyzed results, 10 patients (41.6%) showed positive results in the galactomannan test. The patients have prolonged neutropenia mainly as a result of hematologic malignancies. A persistent fever despite the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics was the main clinical sign associated with suspected invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Conclusion: This study corroborates with previous studies and reinforces the idea of the need for early detection of aspergillosis. KEYWORDS: Aspergillosis. Diagnosis Differential. Neutropenia.Antecedentes y Objetivos: La aspergilosis pulmonar es una infección fúngica grave cuyo agente etiológico son los hongos del género Aspergillus. La infección ataca principalmente a individuos inmunocomprometidos, presentando una alta tasa de mortalidad entre ellos,derivada del difícil diagnóstico y tratamiento. Debido a la dificultad de obtención de resultados positivos de detección de Aspergillus con métodos tradicionales de cultivo laboratorial, resulta necesario evaluar técnicas alternativas para la detección de este microorganismo. Uno de los avances en el diagnóstico de la aspergilosis es el test del galactomanano, que detecta ese polisacárido de la membrana celular del hongo, el cual, durante la infección, es secretado en la corriente sanguínea del portador. Métodos: Se efectuó un análisis sobre 24 pacientes internados de 2012 a 2013 en un hospital terciario del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para análisis epidemiológico, se recolectaron los siguientes datos acerca de los pacientes con sospecha de aspergilosis invasiva: edad, sexo, unidad de internación hospitalaria, enfermedad de base, datos clínicos y radiológicos, uso de antimicrobianos y resultados del test de galactomanano. Resultados: 10 pacientes (41,6%) mostraron resultado positivo para el test del galactomanano. Los individuos presentaron principalmente neutropenia prolongada consecuente de enfermedades hematológicas. Además, la fiebre persistente aún administrando antibióticos de amplio espectro fue la principal señal clínica asociada a la sospecha de aspergilosis pulmonar invasiva. Conclusión: Se estableció el perfil clínico de pacientes con sospecha de API caracterizado por neutropenia y fiebre prolongadas. Palabras clave: Aspergilosis. Diagnóstico Diferencial. Neutropenia.Justificativa e objetivos: A aspergilose pulmonar consiste em uma grave infecção fúngica tendo como agente etiológico os fungos do gênero Aspergillus. A infecção acomete principalmente indivíduos imunocomprometidos, apresentando uma alta taxa de mortalidade entre os mesmosem decorrência do difícil diagnóstico e tratamento. Devido à dificuldade de obtenção de resultado positivo para a detecção de Aspergillus, em métodos tradicionais de cultura laboratorial, torna-se necessário avaliar técnicas alternativas para a detecção deste micro-organismo. Um dos avanços no diagnóstico da aspergilose é o teste da galactomanana, que detecta este polissacarídeo da membrana celular do fungo, o qual, durante a infecção, é secretado na corrente sanguínea do hospedeiro. Métodos: Este estudo consistiu em uma análise de 24 pacientes internados no período de 2012 a 2014 em um hospital terciário do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para análise epidemiológica, os seguintes dados foram coletados sobre os pacientes com suspeita de aspergilose invasiva: idade, sexo, unidade de internação hospitalar, doença de base, dados clínicos e radiológicos, uso de antimicrobianos e resultados do teste da galactomanana. Resultados: Com base nos resultados analisados, 10 pacientes (41,6%) mostraram resultado positivo para o teste da galactomanana. Os pacientes apresentaram principalmente neutropenia prolongada consequente de doenças hematológicas. Além disso, a febre persistente a despeito de antibióticos de amplo espectro foi o principal sinal clínico associado à suspeita de aspergilose pulmonar invasiva. Conclusão: O presente trabalho corrobora com estudos anteriores e reforça a ideia da necessidade de uma detecção precoce da aspergilose. DESCRITORES: Aspergilose. Diagnóstico Diferencial. Neutropeni

ENFERMAGEM DO TRABALHO: INCIDÊNCIA DE ACIDENTES COM PRODUTOS TÓXICO DENTRO DO AMBIENTE DE TRABALHO.

The article aims to show how emergency care is provided in an extra-hospital environment by occupational nurses. It is one of the links in the chain of care for victims, also known as first aid or rescue, in this work we will address this care and how to identify them (signs and symptoms) and what will be our conduct in the first care of people with poisoning, consists of a series of symptomatic effects produced when a toxic substance is ingested or comes into contact with the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. We have the following question as a problem: How does the nursing professional perform in the face of accidents with toxic products within the work environment.O artigo tem como objetivo mostrar como se dá o atendimento emergencial em ambiente extra-hospitalar pelo o enfermeiro do trabalho. É um dos elos da cadeia de atendimento a vítimas, sendo também conhecido como primeiro socorro ou resgate, neste trabalho irá abordar esses cuidados e como identifica-los (sinais e sintomas) e qual será a nossa conduta nos primeiros cuidados com pessoas com intoxicação, consiste em uma série de efeitos sintomáticos produzidos quando uma substância tóxica é ingerida ou entra em contato com a pele, olhos ou membranas mucosas. Temos como problemática o seguinte questionamento: Como se dá, a atuação do profissional de enfermagem diante dos acidentes com produtos toxico dentro do ambiente de trabalho

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Infecção hospitalar no Centro de Tratamento Intensivo Geral de um hospital escola da Região Sul do Brasil

Objetivos Avaliamos a incidência de infecção hospitalar no CTI clínico-cirúrgico de um hospital escola no sul do Brasil. Foram utilizadas taxas ajustadas para o tempo de permanência dos pacientes e para o tempo de exposição aos procedimentos invasivos. Também investigamos a influência da causa básica de internação (trauma, neurológico e clínico-cirúrgico) nas taxas de infecções. Material e Métodos Os pacientes internados no CTI Clínico-cirúrgico de março a dezembro de 1999, foram prospectivamente seguidos para a detecção de infecção hospitalar. Para o diagnóstico de infecção hospitalar utilizou-se as definições do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos EUA (CDC) e as taxas foram calculadas de acordo com a metodologia NNIS (Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica). Resultados Foram acompanhados 686 pacientes (4201 pacientes-dia). Ocorreram 125 infecções hospitalares, sendo que a incidência global foi de 18,2% ou 29,8 infecções por 1000 pacientes-dia. Os sítios de infecção mais freqüente foram: pneumonia (40%), infecção urinária (24%) e septicemia primária (12,8%). As taxas de infecções hospitalares, associadas aos procedimentos invasivos, foram as seguintes: 32,2 pneumonias por 1000 ventiladores mecânico-dia, 9,7 infecções urinárias por 1000 sondas vesicais-dia e 7 septicemias por 1000 cateteres venosos centrais-dia. A incidência global de infecção nos pacientes com trauma (26,8) e neurológicos (20,7%) foi superior quando comparada com o grupo clínico-cirúrgico (12,2%), p < 0,001. Conclusões Encontramos altas taxas de infecções relacionadas com os procedimentos invasivos neste CTI. A causa básica de internação influenciou as taxas de infecção, sugerindo a necessidade de analisar-se estratificadamente os pacientes em CTI clínico-cirúrgico.Objectives The incidence of nosocomial infections in the General ICU of the Hospital São Vicente de Paulo was evaluated using adjusted rates for patients’ lenght of stay and time of device exposure. We also determined the differences in the rates of infections according basic reason for admission (trauma, neurological, and medical-surgical). Material and Methods From March 1 to December 31 1999, patients in the General ICU were prospectively followed for detection of nosocomial infection during their stay. Diagnosis of nosocomial infection was made according to the Centers for Disease Control e Prevention (CDC) definitions and the rates were calculated according to the methods of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Results Six hundred eighty-six patients (4,201 patient-days) were followed. One hundred twenty-five nosocomial infections occurred and the overall rate was 18.2% or 29.8 infections per 1,000 patient-days. The most commonly found infection sites were: pneumonia (40%), urinary tract infection (24%), and primary bloodstream infections (12.8%). Device-associated nosocomial infection rates were as follows: 32.2 pneumonias per 1,000 ventilator-days, 9.7 urinary infections per 1,000 indwelling urinary catheter-days, and 7 bloodstream infection per 1,000 central venous catheter-days. Overall incidence of infection in trauma (26.8) and neurological (20.7%) groups was higher than in the medical-surgical group (12.2%), p<0.001. Conclusions Our study found a high incidence of pneumonia and high rates of nosocomial infections associated with use of an invasive device in this ICU. The basic cause for admission affected infection rates, suggesting the need for a stratified analysis of patients in the General ICU by basic reason for admission

Infecção hospitalar no Centro de Tratamento Intensivo Geral de um hospital escola da Região Sul do Brasil

Objetivos Avaliamos a incidência de infecção hospitalar no CTI clínico-cirúrgico de um hospital escola no sul do Brasil. Foram utilizadas taxas ajustadas para o tempo de permanência dos pacientes e para o tempo de exposição aos procedimentos invasivos. Também investigamos a influência da causa básica de internação (trauma, neurológico e clínico-cirúrgico) nas taxas de infecções. Material e Métodos Os pacientes internados no CTI Clínico-cirúrgico de março a dezembro de 1999, foram prospectivamente seguidos para a detecção de infecção hospitalar. Para o diagnóstico de infecção hospitalar utilizou-se as definições do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos EUA (CDC) e as taxas foram calculadas de acordo com a metodologia NNIS (Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica). Resultados Foram acompanhados 686 pacientes (4201 pacientes-dia). Ocorreram 125 infecções hospitalares, sendo que a incidência global foi de 18,2% ou 29,8 infecções por 1000 pacientes-dia. Os sítios de infecção mais freqüente foram: pneumonia (40%), infecção urinária (24%) e septicemia primária (12,8%). As taxas de infecções hospitalares, associadas aos procedimentos invasivos, foram as seguintes: 32,2 pneumonias por 1000 ventiladores mecânico-dia, 9,7 infecções urinárias por 1000 sondas vesicais-dia e 7 septicemias por 1000 cateteres venosos centrais-dia. A incidência global de infecção nos pacientes com trauma (26,8) e neurológicos (20,7%) foi superior quando comparada com o grupo clínico-cirúrgico (12,2%), p < 0,001. Conclusões Encontramos altas taxas de infecções relacionadas com os procedimentos invasivos neste CTI. A causa básica de internação influenciou as taxas de infecção, sugerindo a necessidade de analisar-se estratificadamente os pacientes em CTI clínico-cirúrgico.Objectives The incidence of nosocomial infections in the General ICU of the Hospital São Vicente de Paulo was evaluated using adjusted rates for patients’ lenght of stay and time of device exposure. We also determined the differences in the rates of infections according basic reason for admission (trauma, neurological, and medical-surgical). Material and Methods From March 1 to December 31 1999, patients in the General ICU were prospectively followed for detection of nosocomial infection during their stay. Diagnosis of nosocomial infection was made according to the Centers for Disease Control e Prevention (CDC) definitions and the rates were calculated according to the methods of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Results Six hundred eighty-six patients (4,201 patient-days) were followed. One hundred twenty-five nosocomial infections occurred and the overall rate was 18.2% or 29.8 infections per 1,000 patient-days. The most commonly found infection sites were: pneumonia (40%), urinary tract infection (24%), and primary bloodstream infections (12.8%). Device-associated nosocomial infection rates were as follows: 32.2 pneumonias per 1,000 ventilator-days, 9.7 urinary infections per 1,000 indwelling urinary catheter-days, and 7 bloodstream infection per 1,000 central venous catheter-days. Overall incidence of infection in trauma (26.8) and neurological (20.7%) groups was higher than in the medical-surgical group (12.2%), p<0.001. Conclusions Our study found a high incidence of pneumonia and high rates of nosocomial infections associated with use of an invasive device in this ICU. The basic cause for admission affected infection rates, suggesting the need for a stratified analysis of patients in the General ICU by basic reason for admission