What are the effects of herbivore diversity on tundra ecosystems? : A systematic review protocol

Funding Information: The project was funded by the Icelandic Research Fund (Grant Nr. 217754) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme (CHARTER project, Grant Agreement Nr. 869471). Funding for open access publication was provided by the Agricultural University of Iceland. The funding bodies had no influence in the design of the study and collection, analysis and interpretation of data. Funding Information: This study is a contribution of the Herbivory Network (http://herbivory.lbhi.is), a UArctic Thematic Network. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: Changes in the diversity of herbivore communities can strongly influence the functioning of northern ecosystems. Different herbivores have different impacts on ecosystems because of differences in their diets, behaviour and energy requirements. The combined effects of different herbivores can in some cases compensate each other but lead to stronger directional changes elsewhere. However, the diversity of herbivore assemblages has until recently been a largely overlooked dimension of plant–herbivore interactions. Given the ongoing environmental changes in tundra ecosystems, with increased influx of boreal species and changes in the distribution and abundance of arctic herbivores, a better understanding of the consequences of changes in the diversity of herbivore assemblages is needed. This protocol presents the methodology that will be used in a systematic review on the effects of herbivore diversity on different processes, functions and properties of tundra ecosystems. Methods: This systematic review builds on an earlier systematic map on herbivory studies in the Arctic that identified a relatively large number of studies assessing the effects of multiple herbivores. The systematic review will include primary field studies retrieved from databases, search engines and specialist websites, that compare responses of tundra ecosystems to different levels of herbivore diversity, including both vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. We will use species richness of herbivores or the richness of functional groups of herbivores as a measure of the diversity of the herbivore assemblages. Studies will be screened in three stages: title, abstract and full text, and inclusion will follow clearly identified eligibility criteria, based on their target population, exposure, comparator and study design. The review will cover terrestrial Arctic ecosystems including the forest-tundra ecotone. Potential outcomes will include multiple processes, functions and properties of tundra ecosystems related to primary productivity, nutrient cycling, accumulation and dynamics of nutrient pools, as well as the impacts of herbivores on other organisms. Studies will be critically appraised for validity, and where studies report similar outcomes, meta-analysis will be performed.Peer reviewe

Práctica 3: Precipitación, Filtración y Centrifugación (Video 1 de 4) - Grado en Química y Grado en Enología

Práctica 3: Precipitación, Filtración y Centrifugación (Video 1 de 4) - Grado en Química y Grado en Enología. En este vídeo se ofrece una pequeña introducción sobre la práctica, centrada en tres operaciones básicas de laboratorio: filtración, precipitación y centrifugación. Igualmente, se enumeran los materiales necesarios para llevar a cabo la experiencia y se describe el proceso de preparación de la muestra. A continuación se muestra cómo llevar a cabo la pesada en balanza y se continúa mostrando el inicio de la precipitación y la disolución posterior del precipitado mediante calentamiento.Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario - CeIA3 (UAL, UCA, UHU y UJA). Proyecto de innovación docente: Diseño de experiencias educativas dirigidas a los alumnos de Química para promover la adquisición de competencias relacionadas con el manejo de la información química y de destrezas de trabajo en el laboratorio.Video 1 de 4. Duración: 6' 48''

Práctica 3: Precipitación, Filtración y Centrifugación (Video 2 de 4) - Grado en Química, Grado en Enología y Grado en Biotecnología

Práctica 3: Precipitación, Filtración y Centrifugación (Video 2 de 4) - Grado en Química, Grado en Enología y Grado en Biotecnología. En este vídeo se muestra cómo preparar la muestra para llevar a cabo una filtración mediante filtro de pliegues. Posteriormente, se recoge la precipitación del bitartrato y la disolución del precipitado de la primera muestra. A continuación, se ilustra la pesada en seco de los distintos filtros a emplear. Y, para terminar, se procede a la filtración mediante el filtro de pliegues.Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario - CeIA3 (UAL, UCA, UHU y UJA). Proyecto de innovación docente: Diseño de experiencias educativas dirigidas a los alumnos de Química para promover la adquisición de competencias relacionadas con el manejo de la información química y de destrezas de trabajo en el laboratorio.Video 2 de 4. Duración: 9' 28''

What are the effects of herbivore diversity on tundra ecosystems? : A systematic review protocol

Funding Information: The project was funded by the Icelandic Research Fund (Grant Nr. 217754) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme (CHARTER project, Grant Agreement Nr. 869471). Funding for open access publication was provided by the Agricultural University of Iceland. The funding bodies had no influence in the design of the study and collection, analysis and interpretation of data. Funding Information: This study is a contribution of the Herbivory Network (http://herbivory.lbhi.is), a UArctic Thematic Network. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: Changes in the diversity of herbivore communities can strongly influence the functioning of northern ecosystems. Different herbivores have different impacts on ecosystems because of differences in their diets, behaviour and energy requirements. The combined effects of different herbivores can in some cases compensate each other but lead to stronger directional changes elsewhere. However, the diversity of herbivore assemblages has until recently been a largely overlooked dimension of plant–herbivore interactions. Given the ongoing environmental changes in tundra ecosystems, with increased influx of boreal species and changes in the distribution and abundance of arctic herbivores, a better understanding of the consequences of changes in the diversity of herbivore assemblages is needed. This protocol presents the methodology that will be used in a systematic review on the effects of herbivore diversity on different processes, functions and properties of tundra ecosystems. Methods: This systematic review builds on an earlier systematic map on herbivory studies in the Arctic that identified a relatively large number of studies assessing the effects of multiple herbivores. The systematic review will include primary field studies retrieved from databases, search engines and specialist websites, that compare responses of tundra ecosystems to different levels of herbivore diversity, including both vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. We will use species richness of herbivores or the richness of functional groups of herbivores as a measure of the diversity of the herbivore assemblages. Studies will be screened in three stages: title, abstract and full text, and inclusion will follow clearly identified eligibility criteria, based on their target population, exposure, comparator and study design. The review will cover terrestrial Arctic ecosystems including the forest-tundra ecotone. Potential outcomes will include multiple processes, functions and properties of tundra ecosystems related to primary productivity, nutrient cycling, accumulation and dynamics of nutrient pools, as well as the impacts of herbivores on other organisms. Studies will be critically appraised for validity, and where studies report similar outcomes, meta-analysis will be performed.Peer reviewe

Reglamento de participación en el proyecto de innovación docente ¡Manos arriba!

Reglamento de participación en el proyecto de innovación docente ¡Manos arriba!El proyecto de innovación docente ¡MANOS ARRIBA! surge como iniciativa, de algunos profesores del departamento de Química Analítica de la Universidad de Cádiz, con el objetivo de mejorar el rendimiento y el aprovechamiento de las prácticas de laboratorio por parte de los alumnos. El proyecto supone un cambio en el formato en el que las prácticas se desarrollan a modo de un “talent show” que da nombre al proyecto ¡MANOS ARRIBA!. En este nuevo formato el alumno debe jugar un papel más activo durante el desarrollo de las prácticas ya que no sólo se evaluarán los informes de prácticas u hojas de resultados, sino que se tendrá en cuenta cuál es su desempeño dentro del laboratorio durante la sesión de prácticas. Las asignaturas en las que se desarrolla el proyecto son Bases Químicas del Medio Ambiente del Grado en Ciencias Ambientales, Métodos en Oceanografía del Grado en Ciencias del Mar y Química Analítica II de los Grados de Enología y Química. En todas ellas las puntuaciones obtenidas por los alumnos en cada práctica se acumularán hasta el final de la asignatura, donde los alumnos que alcancen las máximas puntuaciones para cada asignatura serán premiados. Para poder llevar a cabo el seguimiento y la evaluación por parte de los profesores implicados, de los distintos aspectos a considerar para puntuar a los alumnos, se ha establecido el siguiente reglamento. En este reglamento se recogen los criterios de evaluación para asignar las puntuaciones de cada práctica así como los criterios para clasificar, en caso de que sea necesario, a los alumnos en caso de igualdad en la puntuación.Unidad de innovación docente de la Universidad de CádizNúmero de páginas:

Presentación del Proyecto de innovación docente ¡MANOS ARRIBA!

El proyecto de innovación docente ¡MANOS ARRIBA! surge a partir de la inquietud de los profesores del Departamento de Química Analítica debida a un rendimiento inferior al esperado por parte de los alumnos durante las prácticas de laboratorio. Se plantea por lo tanto cambiar el formato de las prácticas de laboratorio de las asignaturas Bases Químicas del Medio Ambiente del Grado en Ciencias Ambientales, Métodos en Oceanografía del Grado de Ciencias del Mar y Química Analítica II de los Grados de Enología y Química, para mejorar el rendimiento de los alumnos durante las prácticas. El formato de prácticas se asemejará a un talent show en el que los alumnos deberán completar la practica en un tiempo limitado, hasta que el profesor de la voz ¡MANOS ARRIBA!. En este momento los alumnos no podrán realizar ninguna operación más en el laboratorio y se evaluarán sus resultados. Se tendrán en cuenta el tiempo de de realización de la práctica, grado de comprensión de los experimentos, calidad de los resultados y forma de trabajar en el laboratorio. Las puntuaciones se acumularán a lo largo del desarrollo de las prácticas para que al final de la asignatura, el ganador obtenga un incentivo. De este modo se pretende mejorar la motivación de los alumnos de cara a las prácticas, fomentar el espíritu competitivo y sobre todo mejorar su rendimiento durante las prácticasVídeo de 6:30 minutos de duració

Conclusiones del proyecto ¡Manos arriba!

Vídeo docenteVideo que recoge las conclusiones del proyecto ¡Manos arriba! para las prácticas de laboratorio de asignaturas de segundo curso del departamento de Química Analítica. Se muestran los resultados obtenidos, los resultados de las encuestas realizadas a los alumnos y las conclusiones alcanzadas por los profesores.Unidad de Innovación Docente de la Universidad de CádizDuración 4 minutos y 23 segundo

Herbivore diversity effects on Arctic tundra ecosystems: a systematic review

Abstract Background Northern ecosystems are strongly influenced by herbivores that differ in their impacts on the ecosystem. Yet the role of herbivore diversity in shaping the structure and functioning of tundra ecosystems has been overlooked. With climate and land-use changes causing rapid shifts in Arctic species assemblages, a better understanding of the consequences of herbivore diversity changes for tundra ecosystem functioning is urgently needed. This systematic review synthesizes available evidence on the effects of herbivore diversity on different processes, functions, and properties of tundra ecosystems. Methods Following a published protocol, our systematic review combined primary field studies retrieved from bibliographic databases, search engines and specialist websites that compared tundra ecosystem responses to different levels of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore diversity. We used the number of functional groups of herbivores (i.e., functional group richness) as a measure of the diversity of the herbivore assemblage. We screened titles, abstracts, and full texts of studies using pre-defined eligibility criteria. We critically appraised the validity of the studies, tested the influence of different moderators, and conducted sensitivity analyses. Quantitative synthesis (i.e., calculation of effect sizes) was performed for ecosystem responses reported by at least five articles and meta-regressions including the effects of potential modifiers for those reported by at least 10 articles. Review findings The literature searches retrieved 5944 articles. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 201 articles including 3713 studies (i.e., individual comparisons) were deemed relevant for the systematic review, with 2844 of these studies included in quantitative syntheses. The available evidence base on the effects of herbivore diversity on tundra ecosystems is concentrated around well-established research locations and focuses mainly on the impacts of vertebrate herbivores on vegetation. Overall, greater herbivore diversity led to increased abundance of feeding marks by herbivores and soil temperature, and to reduced total abundance of plants, graminoids, forbs, and litter, plant leaf size, plant height, and moss depth, but the effects of herbivore diversity were difficult to tease apart from those of excluding vertebrate herbivores. The effects of different functional groups of herbivores on graminoid and lichen abundance compensated each other, leading to no net effects when herbivore effects were combined. In turn, smaller herbivores and large-bodied herbivores only reduced plant height when occurring together but not when occurring separately. Greater herbivore diversity increased plant diversity in graminoid tundra but not in other habitat types. Conclusions This systematic review underscores the importance of herbivore diversity in shaping the structure and function of Arctic ecosystems, with different functional groups of herbivores exerting additive or compensatory effects that can be modulated by environmental conditions. Still, many challenges remain to fully understand the complex impacts of herbivore diversity on tundra ecosystems. Future studies should explicitly address the role of herbivore diversity beyond presence-absence, targeting a broader range of ecosystem responses and explicitly including invertebrate herbivores. A better understanding of the role of herbivore diversity will enhance our ability to predict whether and where shifts in herbivore assemblages might mitigate or further amplify the impacts of environmental change on Arctic ecosystems. </jats:sec

Herbivore diversity effects on Arctic tundra ecosystems: a systematic review

Background: Northern ecosystems are strongly influenced by herbivores that differ in their impacts on the ecosystem. Yet the role of herbivore diversity in shaping the structure and functioning of tundra ecosystems has been overlooked. With climate and land-use changes causing rapid shifts in Arctic species assemblages, a better understanding of the consequences of herbivore diversity changes for tundra ecosystem functioning is urgently needed. This systematic review synthesizes available evidence on the effects of herbivore diversity on different processes, functions, and properties of tundra ecosystems. Methods Following a published protocol, our systematic review combined primary field studies retrieved from bibliographic databases, search engines and specialist websites that compared tundra ecosystem responses to different levels of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore diversity. We used the number of functional groups of herbivores (i.e., functional group richness) as a measure of the diversity of the herbivore assemblage. We screened titles, abstracts, and full texts of studies using pre-defined eligibility criteria. We critically appraised the validity of the studies, tested the influence of different moderators, and conducted sensitivity analyses. Quantitative synthesis (i.e., calculation of effect sizes) was performed for ecosystem responses reported by at least five articles and meta-regressions including the effects of potential modifiers for those reported by at least 10 articles. Review findings The literature searches retrieved 5944 articles. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 201 articles including 3713 studies (i.e., individual comparisons) were deemed relevant for the systematic review, with 2844 of these studies included in quantitative syntheses. The available evidence base on the effects of herbivore diversity on tundra ecosystems is concentrated around well-established research locations and focuses mainly on the impacts of vertebrate herbivores on vegetation. Overall, greater herbivore diversity led to increased abundance of feeding marks by herbivores and soil temperature, and to reduced total abundance of plants, graminoids, forbs, and litter, plant leaf size, plant height, and moss depth, but the effects of herbivore diversity were difficult to tease apart from those of excluding vertebrate herbivores. The effects of different functional groups of herbivores on graminoid and lichen abundance compensated each other, leading to no net effects when herbivore effects were combined. In turn, smaller herbivores and large-bodied herbivores only reduced plant height when occurring together but not when occurring separately. Greater herbivore diversity increased plant diversity in graminoid tundra but not in other habitat types. Conclusions This systematic review underscores the importance of herbivore diversity in shaping the structure and function of Arctic ecosystems, with different functional groups of herbivores exerting additive or compensatory effects that can be modulated by environmental conditions. Still, many challenges remain to fully understand the complex impacts of herbivore diversity on tundra ecosystems. Future studies should explicitly address the role of herbivore diversity beyond presence-absence, targeting a broader range of ecosystem responses and explicitly including invertebrate herbivores. A better understanding of the role of herbivore diversity will enhance our ability to predict whether and where shifts in herbivore assemblages might mitigate or further amplify the impacts of environmental change on Arctic ecosystems.</p