Temporal Enforcement of Court Ruling in the Jordanian Law

The description of implementation problems applies to any dispute related to implementation and focuses on it, regardless of the person who presented the problem. Implementation problems may be temporary or objective depending on the nature of the request, as well as that each dispute in implementation has two aspects, a temporary face and an objective aspect. If the debtor fulfills the debt after the issuance of the ruling, he may raise a temporary problem in which he requests a temporary stay of execution without deciding on the claim to repay the debt, and the judgment may invalidate the execution in order to fulfill the debt and absolve him of his liabilities. The time until the issue of the dispute is decided upon, such as a ruling to continue the execution until the verdict is correct or the ruling to suspend the execution until it is ruled invalid. That is if it is submitted to the judge of urgency to adjudicate it with a temporary ruling without prejudice to the origin of the right, before completing the implementation process. Keywords: Execution, objectivity, debtor, creditor, nullity, judge of urgency> DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/102-06 Publication date:October 31st 202

Orthogonal Polynomial Approximation in Higher Dimensions: Applications in Astrodynamics

We propose novel methods to utilize orthogonal polynomial approximation in higher dimension spaces, which enable us to modify classical differential equation solvers to perform high precision, long-term orbit propagation. These methods have immediate application to efficient propagation of catalogs of Resident Space Objects (RSOs) and improved accounting for the uncertainty in the ephemeris of these objects. More fundamentally, the methodology promises to be of broad utility in solving initial and two point boundary value problems from a wide class of mathematical representations of problems arising in engineering, optimal control, physical sciences and applied mathematics. We unify and extend classical results from function approximation theory and consider their utility in astrodynamics. Least square approximation, using the classical Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions, is reviewed for discrete samples of the to-be-approximated function. We extend the orthogonal approximation ideas to n-dimensions in a novel way, through the use of array algebra and Kronecker operations. Approximation of test functions illustrates the resulting algorithms and provides insight into the errors of approximation, as well as the associated errors arising when the approximations are differentiated or integrated. Two sets of applications are considered that are challenges in astrodynamics. The first application addresses local approximation of high degree and order geopotential models, replacing the global spherical harmonic series by a family of locally precise orthogonal polynomial approximations for efficient computation. A method is introduced which adapts the approximation degree radially, compatible with the truth that the highest degree approximations (to ensure maximum acceleration error < 10^−9ms^−2, globally) are required near the Earths surface, whereas lower degree approximations are required as radius increases. We show that a four order of magnitude speedup is feasible, with both speed and storage efficiency op- timized using radial adaptation. The second class of problems addressed includes orbit propagation and solution of associated boundary value problems. The successive Chebyshev-Picard path approximation method is shown well-suited to solving these problems with over an order of magnitude speedup relative to known methods. Furthermore, the approach is parallel-structured so that it is suited for parallel implementation and further speedups. Used in conjunction with orthogonal Finite Element Model (FEM) gravity approximations, the Chebyshev-Picard path approximation enables truly revolutionary speedups in orbit propagation without accuracy loss

An Approach To Enhance Image Encryption Using Block-Based Trasformation Algorithm.

Penyulitan data (data encryption) telah digunakan secara meluas untuk menjamin keselamatan dalam rangkaian terbuka (open network), contohnya internet. Data encryption is widely used to ensure security in open networks such as the internet

Image Encrytion Using Block Based Transformation Algorithm

Encryption is used to securely transmit data in open networks. Each type of data has its own features, therefore different techniques should be used to protect confidential image data from unauthorized access. Most of the available encryption algorithms are mainly used for textual data and may not be suitable for multimedia data such as images. In this paper, we introduce a block-based transformation algorithm based on the combination of image transformation and a well known encryption and decryption algorithm called Blowfish. The original image was divided into blocks, which were rearranged into a transformed image using a transformation algorithm presented here, and then the transformed image was encrypted using the Blowfish algorithm. The results showed that the correlation between image elements was significantly decreased by using the proposed technique. The results also show that increasing the number of blocks by using smaller block sizes resulted in a lower correlation and higher entrop

The role of phonology in the disambiguation of disjunctive questions

The disambiguation of similarly-worded alternative questions (altqs) and disjunctive yes-no questions (dynqs) has sparked a debate in English. The debate revolves around which prosodic feature can disambiguate them. In Arabic, little attention has been dedicated to how these two types of disjunction question are disambiguated. What adds to the complexity of the disambiguation in Arabic is that Arabic dialects, unlike English, use two disjunctive elements, equivalent to the English or, in altqs and dynqs. In order to replicate Pruitt and Roelofsen’s (2013) English perception study on Arabic, the disambiguating cues pertinent to Arabic need to be used in such a perception study. Hence, a thorough investigation of the general behaviour of disjunctive elements in the literature and in a corpus of eight Arabic dialects is run; based on this investigation, four dialects are selected for further investigation of the prosodic details of their disjunctive questions (Jordanian (JA), Egyptian (EA), Kuwaiti (KA), and Syrian (SA) Arabic) in two production studies. One is analysis of corpus production data in the four dialects, and the other is a production study dedicated to JA. The results of the two production studies indicate that both choice of disjunctive element (ʔaw vs. willa) and choice of contour (late-rise vs. rise-fall) seem to play a role in the disambiguation. So, two perception studies are run to investigate the relative role of each of the cues: one on JA, and one on all four dialects. The results reveal that the choice of contour contributes significantly to a dynq reading in all dialects, and the choice of disjunctive element contributes significantly to the disambiguation in three dialects (JA, EA, and KA). This finding shows that Arabic is ‘like English’ in employing choice of contour in the disambiguation, but it is also different from English in employing another disambiguating cue

The Role of Discourse Markers and Cohesive Devices in Writing: EFL Students a Case Study

The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of discourse markers and lexical cohesion in the coherence of English writing. The current study investigates and examines thirty articles written by intermediate students about why they learn English. Therefore, the study shows how discourse markers and lexical devices achieve written text cohesion experimentally. The study also clarifies the researchers’ views about the definitions of discourse markers and why discourse markers can't be classified under a grammatical or lexical category. The differences between discourse markers‘ functions have been discussed in detail as well as the difference between grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion as DMs play a significant and crucial roles in starting, directing and ending discourse. The study deals with how discourse markers and lexical devices function in the establishment of textual coherence from different perspectives.Keywords: Discourse Markers, Cohesive devices, EFL learners, Coherence, Written discourse.

The Role of Discourse Markers and Cohesive Devices in Writing: EFL Students a Case Study

The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of discourse markers and lexical cohesion in the coherence of English writing. The current study investigates and examines thirty articles written by intermediate students about why they learn English. Therefore, the study shows how discourse markers and lexical devices achieve written text cohesion experimentally. The study also clarifies the researchers' views about the definitions of discourse markers and why discourse markers can't be classified under a grammatical or lexical category. The differences between discourse markers' functions have been discussed in detail as well as the difference between grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion as DMs play a significant and crucial roles in starting, directing and ending discourse. The study deals with how discourse markers and lexical devices function in the establishment of textual coherence from different perspectives

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

History, Identity, Trauma and Narratives in Toni Morrison's Beloved in relation to "Black Lives Matter" (BLM)

This is a study of African-American traumas in Toni Morrison's Beloved in relation to the Black Lives Matter movement (BLM). It attempts to explore those stances in the two modes of narrative that impede the justice and peace for African-Americans within particular historical and social contexts. Based on trauma theory by Cathy Caruth, the essay explains the physical and mental wound left by trauma. Instances from the novel have been analyzed to show how bodies are inscribed, literally and metaphorically, by the oppressor to enforce his identity on people of color. Those markers testify to the agonies of the past, contribute to the process of selfdiscovery and support the idea that the past is alive in the present. It was also significant to show the effect of the wound of the mind on individuals and communities. The mental wound, which comes later as a response to the violent events, is unhealable and unbearable. Therefore, the essay shows that there is no completed panacea for traumatized African- Americans who suffer the mental wound and lose their control over their present life. It has been one of the basic concerns of this study to underscore the role of trauma narratives in reconstructing (hi)story in order to attain self-discovery and reconstruct new realities, subjectivities and identities. Through Stuart Hall's argument, it was also important to assert that identity is not a static concept or a one dimensional question. It alters as history does and shifts as positions do. The study shows that although Beloved and BLM are two different modes of narrative, they have the same aim of depicting the mental and physical wounds of African-Americans in order to reveal the truth and affect their audience. It was also important to show that both Morrison and BLM assert the continuity of African-American traumas and systematic racism in the U.S. America. African-Americans remained the object of oppression, violence and racism after the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era and are even so today