865 research outputs found
Pain physiology
SmÀrta Àr ett mycket komplicerat fenomen och sjÀlva upplevelsen av smÀrta varierar frÄn individ till individ.
Nociceptiv smÀrta Àr smÀrta orsakad av vÀvnadsskada eller hotande vÀvnadsskada och delas in i somatisk smÀrta och visceral smÀrta. Hur smÀrtan upplevs Àr beroende av orsak till smÀrta och pÄ vilka sensoriska nervfibrer som Àr aktiverade
Det perifera nervsystemet bestĂ„r av till ryggmĂ€rgen ledande â afferenta â och frĂ„n ryggmĂ€rgen kommande â efferenta â nervtrĂ„dar. Sensoriska nervfibrer delas in i tre grupper efter funktion, anatomi och med vilken hastighet de förmedla elektriska impulser De nervĂ€ndstrukturer som svarar pĂ„ kraftiga oftast vĂ€vnadsskadande (noxiska) stimuli benĂ€mns nociceptorer.
Kemiska mediatorer Àr viktiga komponenter i den nociceptoriska reflexen. Det Àr ett komplicerat samspel mellan de olika signalsubstanserna som avgör hur vi upplever smÀrta.
I ryggmÀrgens inre finns den centralt belÀgna grÄ vÀvnad (substantia grisea) och det Àr hÀr som nervös information sorteras, bearbetas och lagras och dÀr alla synaptiska omkopplingar Àger rum. Runt den grÄ vÀvnaden finns vit substans (substantia alba) som bildar sÄ kallade sidostrÀngar vilka innehÄller viktiga sÄvÀl uppÄt- som nedÄtstigande ledningsbanor och dessa har som uppgift att förmedla nervös information mellan olika bearbetningsplatser i CNS. Centrala smÀrtreceptorer Äterfinns I hela CNS, alltsÄ i bÄde hjÀrna och ryggmÀrg.
SmÀrta Àr en universell upplevelse för varje levande ting, och vi vet alla hur det kÀnns, men den Àr ÀndÄ vÀldigt svÄr att klart definiera och kvantifiera. Det finns tyvÀrr inte nÄgra absoluta metoder för att objektivt mÀta hur intensivt ett djur upplever smÀrtan.
SmÀrta Àr en dynamisk process som Àndrar grad beroende pÄ en ev. inflammation, smÀrtans duration, djurets fysiska aktivitet, och administrering av analgetika.
En tillrÀcklig förstÄelse om smÀrtfysiologin och de aktiva substansernas farmakologi ger en sÀkrare smÀrtterapi med bÀsta resultat för djuret
Synthesis and Characterisation of Initiators and Amphiphilic Miktoarm Star Polymers
This project involves the development of several novel heterofunctional initiators with a calix[4]arene centre that can facilitate a âcoreâ first method for the synthesis of miktoarm star polymers.
Chapter 1 introduces main concepts on calixarenes, single electron transfer living radical polymerisation and the ring opening polymerisation of Δ-caprolactone.
Chapter 2 describes the synthetic strategy employed for the synthesis of a novel A2B2 heterofunctional initiator that incorporated an alkyl halogen moiety and a primary hydroxyl. p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene was modified via a six step process to introduce the required functionality and was fully characterised at each stage using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, ASAP MS and IR spectroscopy.
Chapter 3 describes how the A2B2 heterofunctional initiator was used to synthesise a novel 2-armed PCL polymer centred on a calixarene core. This was further used for copper(0) mediated polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethylacrylate due to the alkyl halide moieties remaining in the calixarene core, leading to the formation of several amphiphilic A2B2 miktoarm star polymers. Both polymers were fully characterised using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, SEC, DSC, TGA and IR spectroscopy.
Chapter 4 describes the synthetic strategy employed for the synthesis of a novel A4B4 heterofunctional initiator that incorporated an alkyl halogen moiety and a primary hydroxyl. p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene was modified via a seven step process to introduce the required functionality and was fully characterised at each stage using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, ASAP MS and IR spectroscopy.
Chapter 5 describes how the A4B4 heterofunctional initiator was used to synthesise a novel 4-armed star PCL polymer centred on a calixarene core. This was further used for copper(0) mediated polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethylacrylate due to the alkyl halide moieties remaining in the calixarene core, leading to the formation of several amphiphilic A4B4 miktoarm star polymers. Both polymers were fully characterised using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, SEC, DSC, TGA and IR spectroscopy.
Chapter 6 described the self-assembly of A2B2 and A4B4 amphiphilic miktoarm star polymers calixarene-A2B2starPCL100PHEAm, 8-10, where m = 75, 100 and 270, respectively and calixarene-A4B4starPCL20PHEAm, 18, 19 and 20 where m = 10, 25 and 48, respectively). The TEM analysis on polymer systems 8 - 10 and 18 - 20, revealed spherical micelles, with the size of the micelle decreasing as the proportion of hydrophilic PHEA increased. The CMC determinations for polymers 8 â 10 revealed that the length of the hydrophilic chain does not appear to have a significant effect on the CMC. For polymers 18 â 20, the CMC increases as the length of the hydrophilic polymer chain increases. For both polymeric systems 8 - 10 and 18 - 20, low CMC values were calculated. This work showed the system has a potential in medical applications, with their ability to form micelles in the range of 5 to 110 nm and have the ability to encapsulate highly hydrophobic material, such as the fluorescent probe pyrene.
In chapter 7 general conclusions and future perspectives for the work are discussed
The Prayer Life of St. Paul
The purpose of this thesis is to correlate, catalog, and analyze all references to prayer in the Pauline Epistles and the Book of Acts. The Apostle\u27s prayers and commands to pray give insight into his prayer life and point up the Christ-centeredness of his faith
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