Influence of Production Strategy on Gross Waste Output and Temporal Pattern of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus Aurata) Farming: Implications for Environmental Management

This study compares the farm management model used in the Mediterranean gilthead seabream (GHSB; Sparus aurata) industry (S1)—stepped entry of juveniles throughout the year with several production cycles and fish ages overlapping in a single farm—with that used in the salmon industry (S2)—the whole is farm filled with fish that are the same age at once with a fallowing period between rearing cycles—in terms of waste production by coupling digestibility coefficients with growth, feeding, and eating behavior models into a mass balance model. We considered the total C, N, and P content in the different waste fractions (particulate and dissolved wastes). The model, which simulated real farming conditions, showed relevant quantitative and qualitative differences between both strategies, with stocked biomass and water temperature as the main drivers, the amount of feed wasted by chewing as the most relevant fraction differentiating both strategies, and the fallowing period as the main distinguishing management feature. We discuss the influence of both farming strategies on some key performance and environmental aspects, such as benthic recovery, the breakdown of the life cycle of pathogens, and adaptability to climate change. Our results suggest that changing the GHSB industry’s production model is necessary for its sustainability.Versión del edito

Consumption of particulate wastes derived from cage fish farming by aggregated wild fish. An experimental approach

Particulate wastes derived from cage fish farming are a trophic resource used by wild fish. This study assesses waste consumption by wild fish and the impact on the final balance of wastes. Consumption was determined according to the difference between the particulate matter exiting the cages and that reaching 5 m away at three different depths, in the presence and absence of wild fish. Wild fish around the experimental cages were counted during feeding and non-feeding periods. A weighted abundance of 1057 fish 1000 m−3 consumed 17.75% of the particulate wastes exiting the cages, on average. Consumption was higher below the cages, where waste outflow was greater. However, waste removal by wild fish was noteworthy along the shallow and deep sides of the cages. Wild fish diminished the net particulate wastes by about 14%, transforming them into more easily dispersible and less harmful wastes. This study demonstrates the mitigating potential of wild fish in reducing environmental impact.This research was funded by the Spanish Institute of Agro-Forestry Research (INIA; Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; project RTA2011-00088-00-00). The study was also partially sponsored by the student grant sub-programme for researcher training, of the Spanish Institute of Agro-Forestry Research (FPI-INIA)

Application of “taxocene surrogation” and “taxonomic sufficiency” concepts to fish farming environmental monitoring. Comparison of BOPA index versus polychaete assemblage structure

“Taxocene surrogation” and “taxonomic sufficiency” concepts were applied to the monitoring of soft bottoms macrobenthic assemblages influenced by fish farming following two approaches. Polychaete assemblage evaluation through multivariate analysis and the benthic index BOPA were compared. Six fish farms along the Spanish Mediterranean coast were monitored. Polychaete assemblage provided a suitable picture of the impact gradient, being correlated with total free sulphides. BOPA did not support the impact gradient described by the polychaete assemblage, providing erroneous categorizations. The inclusion of several polychaete families, which were locally identified as indicative of affection to recalculate BOPA, resulted in an improved diagnosis and correlation with the impact gradient. Nevertheless, frequent misclassifications occurred. These results suggest that the structure of polychaete families, sulphides and granulometry conform an appropriate strategy for fish farming monitoring. Biotic indices need to be specifically designed for concrete activities, and regionally validated, because of the environmental plasticity of benthic invertebrates.This research was funded by the Spanish National Plans of Aquaculture (JACUMAR)

Fish and seafood consumption during pregnancy and the risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis in childhood: a pooled analysis of 18 European and US birth cohorts

Background: It has been suggested that prenatal exposure to n-3 long-chain fatty acids protects against asthma and other allergy-related diseases later in childhood. The extent to which fish intake in pregnancy protects against child asthma and rhinitis symptoms remains unclear. We aimed to assess whether fish and seafood consumption in pregnancy is associated with childhood wheeze, asthma and allergic rhinitis. Methods: We pooled individual data from 60 774 mother-child pairs participating in 18 European and US birth cohort studies. Information on wheeze, asthma and allergic rhinitis prevalence was collected using validated questionnaires. The time periods of interest were: infancy (0-2 years), preschool age (3-4 years), and school age (5-8 years). We used multivariable generalized models to assess associations of fish and seafood (other than fish) consumption during pregnancy with child respiratory outcomes in cohort-specific analyses, with subsequent random-effects meta-analyses. Results: The median fish consumption during pregnancy ranged from 0.44 times/week in The Netherlands to 4.46 times/week in Spain. Maternal fish intake during pregnancy was not associated with offspring wheeze symptoms in any age group nor with the risk of child asthma [adjusted meta-analysis relative risk (RR) per 1-time/week = 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.05)] and allergic rhinitis at school age (RR = 1.01, 0.99-1.03). These results were consistently found in further analyses by type of fish and seafood consumption and in sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: We found no evidence supporting a protective association of fish and seafood consumption during pregnancy with offspring symptoms of wheeze, asthma and allergic rhinitis from infancy to mid childhood.This work was supported by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program [EU- FP7- HEALTH-2009-single-stage-241604]. Details of funding per cohort are available at IJE online

Dinámica de la producción de residuos particulados en granjas de peces mediterráneas: influencia de la ictiofauna salvaje

Los residuos particulados que proceden de los cultivos de peces (heces y alimento desperdiciado) son los principales responsables del enriquecimiento orgánico del lecho marino de las granjas acuícolas y por lo tanto también de los efectos ambientales más perjudiciales. Estimar a priori la producción de residuos constituye el primer paso de un manejo ambiental adecuado. En esta tesis se evalúan específicamente los desperdicios de alimento derivados del comportamiento alimentario de la dorada (Sparus aurata) así como la digestibilidad que muestran tanto las doradas como lubinas (Dicentrarchus labrax) por los piensos comerciales para conocer la cantidad de heces que generan. Por otra parte se lleva a cabo un desarrollo metodológico para conocer la cantidad de alimento que se desperdicia, y en base a todos estos resultados y considerando las variables involucradas en la dinámica del cultivo se desarrolla un modelo de balance de masas (WOMMAD) que permite calcular la producción de residuos particulados en sus diferentes fracciones y su patrón temporal de vertido. Además, combinando datos de este modelo con resultados de ensayos de campo se estima la capacidad de la ictiofauna salvaje agregada alrededor de las jaulas flotantes en el consumo de los residuos eliminados al medio, y por lo tanto de influir en el balance final del vertido de residuos del cultivo de peces. Los resultados mostraron que el comportamiento masticador de la dorada genera sustanciales desperdicios de alimento que pueden estimarse a partir de la talla del pez y el tamaño de pellet que se le suministra, y que aplicando regímenes alternativos utilizando pellets más pequeños se pueden reducir estas pérdidas a la mitad. En las granjas, los residuos metabólicos sólidos (heces) de los peces del cultivo son la fracción residual particulada cuantitativamente más importante. Sin embargo, un manejo inadecuado durante el proceso de alimentación puede implicar grandes desperdicios de alimento, que derivan en un vertido de residuos particulados aún mayor. La fracción de alimento desperdiciado puede conocerse, pero es difícilmente estimable debido a su dependencia de las prácticas alimentarias particulares de cada granja. La descarga de residuos al medio presenta una alta variabilidad temporal dirigida fundamentalmente por estrategia productiva de la granja. Estos residuos actúan como un subsidio trófico para los peces salvajes, los cuales se ven atraídos alrededor de las jaulas. Tanto la abundancia total como la estructura de la comunidad de los peces salvajes agregados presentan una gran variabilidad temporal que se explica por variables biológicas, ambientales y relacionadas con la dinámica del cultivo. Los peces salvajes agregados tienen la capacidad de integrar una parte significativa de los residuos del cultivo en la red trófica a través de su consumo. La ictiofauna agregada presenta una digestibilidad elevada por el alimento desperdiciado lo que contribuye a la eliminación de nutrientes a través de la formación de subproductos metabólicos disueltos y particulados con menores repercusiones ambientales. Sin embargo, la capacidad de asimilación y dispersión de los residuos particulados por la ictiofauna salvaje puede ser muy variable porque depende profundamente de la magnitud de la comunidad agregada y de la del vertido de residuos, y ambos elementos son ampliamente variables. Esto supone una dificultad para conocer a priori la contribución de los peces salvajes al consumo de recursos en una situación determinada, por lo que es necesario conocer primero la magnitud del efecto de atracción de peces para luego valorar su potencial caso a caso

Total nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus digestibility in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed with conventional and organic commercial feeds: implications for particulate waste production

Organic fish farming is postulated as a more environmentally friendly activity than conventional activities. However, environmental sustainability as regards waste output has not been addressed. In this respect, the most important environmental problems associated with fish farming are those related with the discharge of particulate wastes. In this study, total nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus digestibility was estimated in a wide size range of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed a commercially available conventional diet and an organic feed, as a previous step to assessing particulate waste output. Neither fish size nor feed nutrient content was seen to influence nutrient digestibility in either species. The organic diet provided higher carbon but lower nitrogen and phosphorus digestibility than conventional feed in both species. Simulations under real ongrowing conditions resulted in lower values for nitrogen and higher values for carbon particulate wastes when conventional feed was supplied to both species. Particulate phosphorus wastes were 2.6- to 3.4-fold higher for fish fed the organic diet. Restrictions concerning NO the raw materials used for organic diet formulation and differences in nutrient bioavailability between the diets seemed to be the underlying reason for the differences found.This research was funded by the Spanish Institute of Agro-Forestry Research (INIA; Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; Project RTA2011-00088-00-00). The study was also partially sponsored by the Sub-Programme of Researcher Formation of the Spanish Institute of Agro-Forestry Research (FPI-INIA)

Particulate waste outflow from fish-farming cages. How much is uneaten feed?

Particulate wastes drive benthic organic enrichment from cage fish farming. Differentiation between faeces and uneaten feed estimates at cage level are of great value to both economize the feeding process and reduce waste. This study estimates the particulate waste outflowing cages at different depths and orientations, and the wasted feed component by combining in situ measurements and modelling. Particulate matter flux (PMF) was greater vertically through the cage bottoms (60.89%), but lateral outflow was also substantial (39.11%). PMF occurs all around the cages, and the influence of the mainstream current was low. Wasted feed was greatly variable, reaching high values (about 50% of supplied feed. The self-application of feed wastage monitoring and estimates by fish farmers is recommended to improve sustainability.Part of this research was funded by the Spanish Institute of Agro-Forestry Research (INIA; Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; project RTA2011-00088-00-00). Another part was supported by the Autonomic Government (Department of Water, Agriculture and Environment) (FEDER 1420-10) of Murcia, Spain (Regional Programme co funded by FEDER, project grant number 1420.10). The study was also partially sponsored by the student grant Sub-Programme of Researcher Formation of the Spanish Institute of Agro-Forestry Research (FPI-INIA)

Effects of Trunk-shaker Harvester and Ethephon on Plant Water Status, Leaf Gas Exchange, and Yield of Citrus Cultivated under Mediterranean Conditions

This work was aimed to study whether the application of ethephon as an abscission agent and mechanical harvest using a trunk shaker have any effect on plant water status, leaf gas exchange, and yield of mandarin and orange trees cultivated under Mediterranean conditions. The experiment was performed from 2008 to 2011 in five commercial orchards where parameters related to the plant water status and leaf gas exchange were measured before the application of ethephon, at harvest time and at different occasions after harvest. In addition, the effects of ethephon dose on yield in the current and subsequent seasons were also evaluated. Results showed that ethephon applications and mechanical harvest did not detrimentally affect plant water status in any of the cultivars studied. Furthermore, either had no effect or had a short temporal decrease effect on leaf gas exchange depending on the cultivar studied although with no consequences for the fruit yield obtained during the current season. Increasing ethephon doses led to fruit yield reductions in the mandarin ‘Orogrande’ trees in subsequent seasons. When trunk-shaker and ethephon applications were combined, however, yields from the late-maturing orange significantly decline in subsequent seasons. Overall, results show that using a trunk shaker is a viable technique to mechanically harvest citrus trees destined to both fresh and industry market and can be considered as an alternative to the traditional manual harvest usually performed under Mediterranean conditions. However, its use cannot be recommended for late-maturing oranges, such as the ‘Navel Lane Late’ in which mature fruit and fruitlets coexist in the tree at the time of harvest

Total nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus digestibility in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed with conventional and organic commercial feeds: implications for particulate waste production

[eng] Organic fish farming is postulated as a more environmentally friendly activity than conventional activities. However, environmental sustainability as regards waste output has not been addressed. In this respect, the most important environmental problems associated with fish farming are those related with the discharge of particulate wastes. In this study, total nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus digestibility was estimated in a wide size range of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed a commercially available conventional diet and an organic feed, as a previous step to assessing particulate waste output. Neither fish size nor feed nutrient content was seen to influence nutrient digestibility in either species. The organic diet provided higher carbon but lower nitrogen and phosphorus digestibility than conventional feed in both species. Simulations under real ongrowing conditions resulted in lower values for nitrogen and higher values for carbon particulate wastes when conventional feed was supplied to both species. Particulate phosphorus wastes were 2.6- to 3.4-fold higher for fish fed the organic diet. Restrictions concerning NO the raw materials used for organic diet formulation and differences in nutrient bioavailability between the diets seemed to be the underlying reason for the differences found

¿Es posible escanear con precisión el pie en 3D usando un smartphone?

El Instituto de Biomecánica (IBV) ha realizado un estudio que cuantifica la precisión y validez de la tecnología de escaneado del pie en 3D con Smartphone, desarrollada por el IBV, en comparación con metodologías tradicionales, como mediciones manuales, y otras soluciones comerciales actuales referentes en el mercado. Los resultados confirman que la tecnología del IBV es tan precisa como la solución de referencia, y mucho más fiable que las mediciones manuales realizadas por un experto, ofreciendo grandes oportunidades de aplicación en sectores económicos donde la posibilidad de escanear en cualquier lugar y a bajo coste son importantes para su implantación y escalabilidad