Early spinal decompression after documentation in the initial CES-S and CES-R stages of Cauda Equina syndrome: saving both the patient and the clinician

Background: Cauda equina syndrome (CES), described by Mixter Barr in 1934, is a rare and acute surgical emergency, and in our observation, the slower stages of bowel, bladder or limb dysfunction are more common than that claimed in the literature. This paper is to remind clinicians to document all the clinical changes of an evolving CES because patients could already be slipping into a progressive CES but will not reveal them unless inquired. Methods: The IRT Programme for Medicos and Doctors (IRTP) of KRUSHI Orthopaedic Welfare Society, an NGO based in India, emphasises "preventive orthopedics", conducted this compilation study which is a mixed or ambispective study design of 650 patient data of which 450 patient data was from direct study in our KOWS research purview and 150 patients from various data bases like the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect. Results: Incidence of early stages of CES may be missed if only bladder dysfunction is given importance while taking in the patient information by the clinician as only of 33% of the patients complain of bladder dysfunction whereas genital numbness is 47%, sexual dysfunction is of 53% of incidence when carefully enquired into. Conclusions: The slower forms of cauda equina syndrome are usually missed by the clinicians if they trivialise the red flags of the autonomic dysfunction which are more frequent than that noticed and also the radiologist is equally responsible for not reporting enough about the redundant nerves (RND), the spinal canal diameters as smaller canals promote CES even with a smaller compression. If the clinician asks the right questions, the patients in these slower CES (S), CES(R) will never be missed. This article highlights the sigmoid curve pathophysiology and highlights the time frame and emphasis the early stages of CES(S) and CES (R) to be the best stages where the surgery is beneficial

A PDZ-containing Scaffold Related to the Dystrophin Complex at the Basolateral Membrane of Epithelial Cells

Membrane scaffolding complexes are key features of many cell types, serving as specialized links between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. An important scaffold in skeletal muscle is the dystrophin-associated protein complex. One of the proteins bound directly to dystrophin is syntrophin, a modular protein comprised entirely of interaction motifs, including PDZ (protein domain named for PSD-95, discs large, ZO-1) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. In skeletal muscle, the syntrophin PDZ domain recruits sodium channels and signaling molecules, such as neuronal nitric oxide synthase, to the dystrophin complex. In epithelia, we identified a variation of the dystrophin complex, in which syntrophin, and the dystrophin homologues, utrophin and dystrobrevin, are restricted to the basolateral membrane. We used exogenously expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged fusion proteins to determine which domains of syntrophin are responsible for its polarized localization. GFP-tagged full-length syntrophin targeted to the basolateral membrane, but individual domains remained in the cytoplasm. In contrast, the second PH domain tandemly linked to a highly conserved, COOH-terminal region was sufficient for basolateral membrane targeting and association with utrophin. The results suggest an interaction between syntrophin and utrophin that leaves the PDZ domain of syntrophin available to recruit additional proteins to the epithelial basolateral membrane. The assembly of multiprotein signaling complexes at sites of membrane specialization may be a widespread function of dystrophin-related protein complexes

Data_Sheet_1_Revealing the Efficacy of Thermostable Biosurfactant in Heavy Metal Bioremediation and Surface Treatment in Vegetables.pdf

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules which showed application in the food, medical, and cosmetics industries and in bioremediation. In this study, a marine sponge-associated bacteria (MSI 54) was identified as a biosurfactant producer which showed high emulsification and surface tension-reducing property. The isolate MSI 54 was identified as Bacillus sp. and the biosurfactant was chemically characterized as a lipopeptide analog based on the spectral data including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The MSI 54 lipopeptide biosurfactant was an anionic molecule which showed high affinity toward cationic heavy metals including Pb, Hg, Mn, and Cd. The heavy metal bioremediation efficacy of the biosurfactant was evaluated using atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. When MSI 54 lipopeptide biosurfactant was added to heavy metals, this resulted in a white co-precipitate of the metal–biosurfactant complex. The heavy metal remediation efficacy of the biosurfactant at a 2.0 × critical micelle concentration (CMC) showed removal of 75.5% Hg, 97.73% Pb, 89.5% Mn, and 99.93% Cd, respectively, in 1,000 ppm of the respective metal solution. The surface treatment of farm fresh cabbage, carrot, and lettuce with 2.0 × CMC of the lipopeptide showed effective removal of the surface heavy metal contaminants.</p