Management of Tracheo Bronchial Foreign Bodies in Children – A Retrospective Study of series of 50 cases

Abstract             This retrospective study of series of 50 cases of inhaled foreign bodies in pediatric patients in one year, deals with which the cases presented and the types of foreign body removed. Diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy aid in the diagnosis of unsuspected foreign body aspiration, or with doubtful history of foreign body aspiration without physical or X-ray signs and can proceed with definitive treatment in the same preparation without delay. Tracheotomy is indicated for foreign body that cannot be removed through glottis. A team work of anesthetist, endoscopist, and assistants are essential to ensure the safety of procedure with no compromise on availability of instruments.  Key words Tracheo Bronchial · Foreign Bodies · Children · Management

Patološki učinci klorpirifosa i toksina T-2 u tovnih pilića

Forty-eight, newly hatched, unsexed broiler chicks were fed diets containing 45 ppm chlorpyriphos, an organophosphorus compound and 0.5 ppm T-2, a mycotoxin, singly and in combination for 28 days from day of hatch to study of pathological effects. Gross, pale, enlarged liver, distended gall bladder and streaks of haemorrhages in the thigh muscles were observed in the chlorpyriphos group, while the chlorpyriphos+T-2 group showed pale and enlarged liver. Histopathological changes observed in the toxin-fed birds during 14th and 28th days of the trial were as follows: liver revealed periportal fibrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes and bile duct hyperplasia in all the toxin-fed birds. Kidney showed tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2-fed birds. Hearts of all toxin treated birds showed vacuolar degeneration of myocytes. The chlorpyriphos+T-2-fed birds showed necrosis of oral mucosa with infiltration of heterophils predominantly, along with mononuclear cells. Crop mucosa showed epithelial hyperplasia and keratinisation in all treatment groups. Proventriculus showed hyperplasia of epithelial cells, glandular necrosis and infiltration of mononuclear cells in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2 groups. The T-2 group showed epithelial necrosis, crypt elongation, diphtheritic membrane formation and mononuclear cell infiltration in lamina propria. Gizzard showed glandular interstitial fibrosis, infiltration of heterophils and mononuclear cells in chlorpyriphos, while T-2 groups and chlorpyriphos+T-2 groups showed interstitial glandular fibrosis and hyperplastic reaction. Intestine showed fusion of villi, necrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia and infiltration of mononuclear cells in lamina propria in all toxin-fed birds. Mononuclear cell infiltration, reduced zymogen granules and vacuolar degeneration in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2 fed birds; mononuclear cell infiltration in T-2 fed birds was observed in pancreas. The chlorpyriphos group alone showed mononuclear cell infiltration in the meninges of brain. The study indicated the pathological effects of these toxins, either alone or in combination, in various organs of broiler chicken at low dose levels.Istraživani su patološki učinci organofosfornog spoja klorpirifosa i mikotoksina T-2 na 48 netom izvaljenih tovnih pilića kojima nije određivan spol. Oba spoja davana su u hrani u tijeku 28 dana svaki zasebno i u kombinaciji. Klorpirifos je davan u količini od 45 ppm, a mikotoksin u količini od 0,5 ppm. Patoanatomski ustanovljena je blijeda i povećana jetra, prošireni žučni mjehur i prugasta krvarenja na bedrenom mišićju u skupini koja je dobivala klorpirifos, dok je u skupini koja je dobivala klorpirifos u kombinaciji s mikotoksinom ustanovljena blijeda i povećana jetra. Patohistološke promjene ustanovljene 14. i 28. dana u skupini pilića koji su dobivali toksin očitovale su se periportalnom fibrozom, infiltracijom mononuklearnih stanica, nekrozom hepatocita i hiperplazijom žučovoda. U pilića koji su dobivali klorpirifos i klorpirifos u kombinaciji s toksinom T-2 ustanovljena je tubularna epitelna degeneracija i nekroza bubrega. U svih pilića obrađivanih toksinom dokazana je vakuolarna degeneracija miocita. Nekroza oralne sluznice s infiltracijom heterofila i mononulearnim stanicama dokazana je u pilića koji su dobivali klorpirifos i toksin. Sluznica voljke pokazivala je epitelnu hiperplaziju i keratinizaciju u svih obrađivanih skupina. Na predželucu je dokazana hiperplazija epitelnih stanica, glandularna nekroza i infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica u skupinama koje su dobivale klorpirifos i klopirifos zajedno s T-2. U skupini kojoj je davan T-2 ustanovljena je epitelna nekroza, produljenje kripti, difteroidne naslage i mononuklearna stanična infiltracija u lamini propriji. U želucu je dokazana glandularna intersticijska fibroza, infiltracija hererofila i mononuklearnih stanica u skupinama koje su dobivale zasebno klorpirifos i T-2, dok je u skupini koja je istodobno dobivala klorpirifos i T-2 dokazana intersticijska glandularna fibroza i hiperplastične reakcije. Ustanovljeno je spajanje resica, nekroza, djelomična hiperplazija I infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica u lamini propriji crijeva u svih pilića koji su dobivali toksin. Mononuklearna stanična infiltracija, smanjena zimogena zrnca i vakuolarna degeneracija dokazane su u skupini koja je dobivala samo klorpirifos jednako kao i u skupini koja je dobivala istodobno klopirifos i T-2. Mononuklearna stanična infiltracija dokazana je u gušterači pilića koji su dobivali T-2. Infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica dokazana je u moždanim opnama pilića koji su dobivali samo klorpirifos. Istraživanje je pokazalo da se patološki učinci toksina davanih zasebno ili u kombinaciji u vrlo malim dozama očituju na različitim organima tovnih pilića

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Not AvailableA female Sprague-Dawley rat weighing 230 g at 16 weeks of age showed swelling in the skin of abdominal region. The circumscribed swelling progressively increased in size measuring 4x2 cm and moving along with the skin. Histology of the mass showed acinar structures lined by cuboidal cells, cystic spaces filled with eosinophilic secretion and papillary projections lined by neoplastic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei. Based on histopathological features of the mass, it was diagnosed as sweat gland adenocarcinoma of skin, which is a rare tumour in rats.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA rare case of cavernous haemangioma of liver in a 44 weeks-old female Wistar albino rat is presented in this case report. The abdominal cavity of rat was enlarged and on palpation freely movable mass was observed. Grossly, the mass was reddish black in colour with 5 cm in diameter and histopathology revealed large blood filled spaces communicating with each other, lined by single layer of endothelium, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and bile duct hyperplasia were observed.Not Availabl

Patološki učinci klorpirifosa i toksina T-2 u tovnih pilića

Forty-eight, newly hatched, unsexed broiler chicks were fed diets containing 45 ppm chlorpyriphos, an organophosphorus compound and 0.5 ppm T-2, a mycotoxin, singly and in combination for 28 days from day of hatch to study of pathological effects. Gross, pale, enlarged liver, distended gall bladder and streaks of haemorrhages in the thigh muscles were observed in the chlorpyriphos group, while the chlorpyriphos+T-2 group showed pale and enlarged liver. Histopathological changes observed in the toxin-fed birds during 14th and 28th days of the trial were as follows: liver revealed periportal fibrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes and bile duct hyperplasia in all the toxin-fed birds. Kidney showed tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2-fed birds. Hearts of all toxin treated birds showed vacuolar degeneration of myocytes. The chlorpyriphos+T-2-fed birds showed necrosis of oral mucosa with infiltration of heterophils predominantly, along with mononuclear cells. Crop mucosa showed epithelial hyperplasia and keratinisation in all treatment groups. Proventriculus showed hyperplasia of epithelial cells, glandular necrosis and infiltration of mononuclear cells in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2 groups. The T-2 group showed epithelial necrosis, crypt elongation, diphtheritic membrane formation and mononuclear cell infiltration in lamina propria. Gizzard showed glandular interstitial fibrosis, infiltration of heterophils and mononuclear cells in chlorpyriphos, while T-2 groups and chlorpyriphos+T-2 groups showed interstitial glandular fibrosis and hyperplastic reaction. Intestine showed fusion of villi, necrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia and infiltration of mononuclear cells in lamina propria in all toxin-fed birds. Mononuclear cell infiltration, reduced zymogen granules and vacuolar degeneration in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2 fed birds; mononuclear cell infiltration in T-2 fed birds was observed in pancreas. The chlorpyriphos group alone showed mononuclear cell infiltration in the meninges of brain. The study indicated the pathological effects of these toxins, either alone or in combination, in various organs of broiler chicken at low dose levels.Istraživani su patološki učinci organofosfornog spoja klorpirifosa i mikotoksina T-2 na 48 netom izvaljenih tovnih pilića kojima nije određivan spol. Oba spoja davana su u hrani u tijeku 28 dana svaki zasebno i u kombinaciji. Klorpirifos je davan u količini od 45 ppm, a mikotoksin u količini od 0,5 ppm. Patoanatomski ustanovljena je blijeda i povećana jetra, prošireni žučni mjehur i prugasta krvarenja na bedrenom mišićju u skupini koja je dobivala klorpirifos, dok je u skupini koja je dobivala klorpirifos u kombinaciji s mikotoksinom ustanovljena blijeda i povećana jetra. Patohistološke promjene ustanovljene 14. i 28. dana u skupini pilića koji su dobivali toksin očitovale su se periportalnom fibrozom, infiltracijom mononuklearnih stanica, nekrozom hepatocita i hiperplazijom žučovoda. U pilića koji su dobivali klorpirifos i klorpirifos u kombinaciji s toksinom T-2 ustanovljena je tubularna epitelna degeneracija i nekroza bubrega. U svih pilića obrađivanih toksinom dokazana je vakuolarna degeneracija miocita. Nekroza oralne sluznice s infiltracijom heterofila i mononulearnim stanicama dokazana je u pilića koji su dobivali klorpirifos i toksin. Sluznica voljke pokazivala je epitelnu hiperplaziju i keratinizaciju u svih obrađivanih skupina. Na predželucu je dokazana hiperplazija epitelnih stanica, glandularna nekroza i infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica u skupinama koje su dobivale klorpirifos i klopirifos zajedno s T-2. U skupini kojoj je davan T-2 ustanovljena je epitelna nekroza, produljenje kripti, difteroidne naslage i mononuklearna stanična infiltracija u lamini propriji. U želucu je dokazana glandularna intersticijska fibroza, infiltracija hererofila i mononuklearnih stanica u skupinama koje su dobivale zasebno klorpirifos i T-2, dok je u skupini koja je istodobno dobivala klorpirifos i T-2 dokazana intersticijska glandularna fibroza i hiperplastične reakcije. Ustanovljeno je spajanje resica, nekroza, djelomična hiperplazija I infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica u lamini propriji crijeva u svih pilića koji su dobivali toksin. Mononuklearna stanična infiltracija, smanjena zimogena zrnca i vakuolarna degeneracija dokazane su u skupini koja je dobivala samo klorpirifos jednako kao i u skupini koja je dobivala istodobno klopirifos i T-2. Mononuklearna stanična infiltracija dokazana je u gušterači pilića koji su dobivali T-2. Infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica dokazana je u moždanim opnama pilića koji su dobivali samo klorpirifos. Istraživanje je pokazalo da se patološki učinci toksina davanih zasebno ili u kombinaciji u vrlo malim dozama očituju na različitim organima tovnih pilića

The Alpha Subunit of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2B (eIF2B) Is Required for eIF2-Mediated Translational Suppression of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus▿†

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) is a heteropentameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor that converts protein synthesis initiation factor 2 (eIF2) from a GDP-bound form to the active eIF2-GTP complex. Cellular stress can repress translation initiation by activating kinases capable of phosphorylating the alpha subunit of eIF2 (eIF2α), which sequesters eIF2B to prevent exchange activity. Previously, we demonstrated that tumor cells are sensitive to viral replication, possibly due to the occurrence of defects in eIF2B that overcome the inhibitory effects of eIF2α phosphorylation. To extend this analysis, we have investigated the importance of eIF2Bα function and report that this subunit can functionally substitute for its counterpart, GCN3, in yeast. In addition, a variant of mammalian eIF2Bα harboring a point mutation (T41A) was able overcome translational inhibition invoked by amino acid depravation, which activates Saccharomyces cerevisiae GCN2 to phosphorylate the yeast eIF2α homolog SUI2. Significantly, we also demonstrate that the loss of eIF2Bα, or the expression of the T41A variant in mammalian cells, is sufficient to neutralize the consequences of eIF2α phosphorylation and render normal cells susceptible to virus infection. Our data emphasize the importance of eIF2Bα in mediating the eIF2 kinase translation-inhibitory activity and may provide insight into the complex nature of viral oncolysis