47,168 research outputs found
Integration of crosswind forces into train dynamic modelling
In this paper a new method is used to calculate unsteady wind loadings acting on a railway vehicle. The method takes input data from wind tunnel testing or from computational fluid dynamics simulations (one example of each is presented in this article), for aerodynamic force and moment coefficients and combines these with fluctuating wind velocity time histories and train speed to produce wind force time histories on the train. This method is fast and efficient and this has allowed the wind forces to be applied to a vehicle dynamics simulation for a long length of track.
Two typical vehicles (one passenger, one freight) have been modelled using the vehicle dynamics simulation package âVAMPIREÂźâ, which allows detailed modelling of the vehicle suspension and wheelârail contact. The aerodynamic coefficients of the passenger train have been obtained from wind tunnel tests while those of the freight train have been obtained through fluid dynamic computations using large-eddy simulation. Wind loadings were calculated for the same vehicles for a range of average wind speeds and applied to the vehicle models using a user routine within the VAMPIRE package. Track irregularities measured by a track recording coach for a 40 km section of the main line route from London to King's Lynn were used as input to the vehicle simulations.
The simulated vehicle behaviour was assessed against two key indicators for derailment; the Y/Q ratio, which is an indicator of wheel climb derailment, and the Î Q/Q value, which indicates wheel unloading and therefore potential roll over. The results show that vehicle derailment by either indicator is not predicted for either vehicle for any mean wind speed up to 20 m/s (with consequent gusts up to around 30 m/s). At a higher mean wind speed of 25 m/s derailment is predicted for the passenger vehicle and the unladen freight vehicle (but not for the laden freight vehicle)
Coronal mass ejections, magnetic clouds, and relativistic magnetospheric electron events: ISTP
The role of high-speed solar wind streams in driving relativistic electron acceleration within the Earth\u27s magnetosphere during solar activity minimum conditions has been well documented. The rising phase of the new solar activity cycle (cycle 23) commenced in 1996, and there have recently been a number of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and related âmagnetic cloudsâ at 1 AU. As these CME/cloud systems interact with the Earth\u27s magnetosphere, some events produce substantial enhancements in the magnetospheric energetic particle population while others do not. This paper compares and contrasts relativistic electron signatures observed by the POLAR, SAMPEX, Highly Elliptical Orbit, and geostationary orbit spacecraft during two magnetic cloud events: May 27â29, 1996, and January 10â11, 1997. Sequences were observed in each case in which the interplanetary magnetic field was first strongly southward and then rotated northward. In both cases, there were large solar wind density enhancements toward the end of the cloud passage at 1 AU. Strong energetic electron acceleration was observed in the January event, but not in the May event. The relative geoeffectiveness for these two cases is assessed, and it is concluded that large induced electric fields (âB/ât) caused in situ acceleration of electrons throughout the outer radiation zone during the January 1997 event
Evaluating the Dynamic Nature of Market Risk
This study examines the systematic risk present in major crops for the United States and three corn-belt states. An index of commodities is used in conjunction with cash receipts to generate dynamic estimates of the systematic risk for each crop and state. In our study, we find that beta estimates from a time varying parameter model (FLS) and OLS formulation are substantially different. From our graphs of betas over time, one gains insight into the changing nature of risk and the impact of institutional and macroeconomic events. Systematic risk is shown to increase for most crops over the analyzed period with significant changes in volatility after the collapse of the Bretton Woods Accord.Systematic risk, flexible least squares, single index model, farm policy, macroeconomics, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Marketing, Risk and Uncertainty,
Field Strength Formulation of SU(2) Yang-Mills Theory in the Maximal Abelian Gauge: Perturbation Theory
We present a reformulation of SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in the maximal Abelian
gauge, where the non-Abelian gauge field components are exactly integrated out
at the expense of a new Abelian tensor field. The latter can be treated in a
semiclassical approximation and the corresponding saddle point equation is
derived. Besides the non-trivial solutions, which are presumably related to
non-perturbative interactions for the Abelian gauge field, the equation of
motion for the tensor fields allows for a trivial solution as well. We show
that the semiclassical expansion around this trivial solution is equivalent to
the standard perturbation theory. In particular, we calculate the one-loop
-function for the running coupling constant in this approach and
reproduce the standard result.Comment: 29 pages LaTeX, 6 postscript figures. Version to be published in Int.
J. Mod. Phys.
A Guide to Precision Calculations in Dyson's Hierarchical Scalar Field Theory
The goal of this article is to provide a practical method to calculate, in a
scalar theory, accurate numerical values of the renormalized quantities which
could be used to test any kind of approximate calculation. We use finite
truncations of the Fourier transform of the recursion formula for Dyson's
hierarchical model in the symmetric phase to perform high-precision
calculations of the unsubtracted Green's functions at zero momentum in
dimension 3, 4, and 5. We use the well-known correspondence between statistical
mechanics and field theory in which the large cut-off limit is obtained by
letting beta reach a critical value beta_c (with up to 16 significant digits in
our actual calculations). We show that the round-off errors on the magnetic
susceptibility grow like (beta_c -beta)^{-1} near criticality. We show that the
systematic errors (finite truncations and volume) can be controlled with an
exponential precision and reduced to a level lower than the numerical errors.
We justify the use of the truncation for calculations of the high-temperature
expansion. We calculate the dimensionless renormalized coupling constant
corresponding to the 4-point function and show that when beta -> beta_c, this
quantity tends to a fixed value which can be determined accurately when D=3
(hyperscaling holds), and goes to zero like (Ln(beta_c -beta))^{-1} when D=4.Comment: Uses revtex with psfig, 31 pages including 15 figure
Analytic Reconstruction of heavy-quark two-point functions at O(\alpha_s^3)
Using a method previously developed, based on the Mellin-Barnes transform, we
reconstruct the two-point correlators in the vector, axial, scalar and
pseudoscalar channels from the Taylor expansion at q^2=0, the threshold
expansion at q^2=4m^2 and the OPE at q^2\rightarrow -\infty, where m is the
heavy quark mass. The reconstruction is analytic and systematic and is
controlled by an error function which becomes smaller as more terms in those
expansions are known.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure
Cotton Price Policy and New Cereal Technology in the Malian Cotton Zone
During the last decade, cotton production and area have been declining as a result of depleting soil nutrients and low cotton prices in the cotton zone of Mali. This paper shows that the Malian governmentâs 2011 policy to increase the farm gate cotton price as a response to world cotton price increase enhances farm income but has less impact on cotton than on maize production. A complementary policy of introducing new sorghum technologies would have an equal impact on farmersâ incomes in the cotton zone of Mali.Cotton prices, improved sorghum technology, discrete stochastic programming, Mali, Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management, International Development, Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty,
Coulomb Drag between One-Dimensional Wigner Crystal Rings
We consider the Coulomb drag between two metal rings in which the long range
Coulomb interaction leads to the formation of a Wigner crystal. The first ring
is threaded by an Ahranov Bohm flux creating a persistent current J_0. The
second ring is brought in close proximity to the second and due to the Coulomb
interaction between the two rings a drag current J_D is produced in the second.
We investigate this system at zero temperature for perfect rings as well as the
effects of impurities. We show that the Wigner crystal state can in principle
lead to a higher ratio of drag current to drive current J_D/J_0 than in weakly
interacting electron systems.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure
Lower thermosphere densities of N2, O and Ar under high latitude winter conditions
Measurements of the neutral thermosphere were conducted in northern Scandinavia during the Energy Budget Campaign. These measurements included determinations of N2, O, and Ar densities using rocket-borne experiments. The results obtained in the experiments are presented, taking into account also details regarding the employed experimental methods, and an evaluation of the significance of the data. It is found that there are striking differences in thermospheric distributions of the neutral constituents under different geomagnetic conditions. Under quiet geomagnetic conditions there was reasonable agreement with the United States Standard Atmosphere. The concentrations of N2 and Ar were about 70 percent of the predicted values, while the O concentration was about 2.5 times greater
- âŠ