Guidelines for consistent reporting of exchanges/to nature within life cycle inventories (LCI)

Data availability and data quality are still critical factors for successful LCA work. The SETAC-Europe LCA Working Group ‘Data Availability and Data Quality' has therefore focused on ongoing developments toward a common data exchange format, public databases and accepted quality measures to find science-based solutions than can be widely accepted. A necessary prerequisite for the free flow and exchange of life cycle inventory (LCI) data and the comparability of LCIs is the consistent definition, nomenclature, and use of inventory parameters. This is the main subject of the subgroup ‘Recommended List of Exchanges' that presents its results and findings here: • Rigid parameter lists for LCIs are not practical; especially, compulsory lists of measurements for all inventories are counterproductive. Instead, practitioners should be obliged to give the rationale for their scientific choice of selected and omitted parameters. The standardized (not: mandatory!) parameter list established by the subgroup can help to facilitate this. • The standardized nomenclature of LCI parameters and the standardized list of measurement bases (units) for these parameters need not be appliedinternally (e.g. in LCA software), but should be adhered to inexternal communications (data for publication and exchange). Deviations need to be clearly stated. • Sum parameters may or may not overlap - misinterpretations in either direction introduce a bias of unknown significance in the subsequent life cycle impact assessments (LCIA). The only person who can discriminate unambiguously is the practitioner who measures or calculates such values. Therefore, a clear statement of independence or overlap is necessary for every sum parameter reported. • Sum parameters should be only used when the group of emissions as such is measured. Individually measured emission parameters should not be hidden in group or sum parameters. • Problematic substances (such as carcinogens, ozone depleting agents and the like) maynever be obscured in group emissions (together with less harmful substances or with substances of different environmental impact), butmust be determined and reported individually, as mentioned in paragraph 3.3 of this article. • Mass and energy balances should be carried out on a unit process level. Mass balances should be done on the level of the entire mass flow in a process as well as on the level of individual chemical elements. • Whenever possible, practitioners should try to fill data gaps with their knowledge of analogous processes, environmental expert judgements, mass balance calculations, worst case assumptions or similar estimation procedure

Sherwood Forest Virtual Zine Library

Review of Sherwood Forest Virtual Zine Library, Reviewed August 2021 by Alison Baitz Graduate student in Library Science and Children's Literature, Simmons University [email protected]

A PROPRIEDADE CONTRA A POSSE E A PROPRIEDADE 2

The present article argues the property and the changes introduced in it by the Statute of the City (Federal Act number 10.257/2001, “Estatuto da Cidade”). From a long historical perspective, the process that breaks the Property into distinct elements (such as ownership, property, right to construct and surface right) is being investigated. These elements are studied as a system necessity which, finding limits, mobilizes the object (the property), abstracting it.O presente artigo discute a propriedade e as mudanças nela introduzidas com o Estatuto da Cidade. A partir de uma perspectiva histórica de longa duração, investiga-se o processo que fragmenta a Propriedade em elementos distintos, tais como posse, propriedade, direito de construir e direito de superfície. Esses elementos são trabalhados enquanto uma necessidade do sistema que, encontrando limites, mobiliza o objeto (a propriedade), abstraindo-o

Fotografia e Nacionalismo: a revista The National Geographic Magazine e a construção da identidade nacional norte-americana (1895-1914)

As imagens fotografias da revista The National Geographic Magazine, na virada do século XIX para o século XX, retrataram os Estados Unidos como o país da imensidão dos espaços geográficos e do contínuo progresso econômico. A representação da grandiosidade do país se fez tanto por meio da escolha dos temas como em decisões estéticas envolvendo técnicas fotográficas e métodos editoriais. Porém, por trás dessas imagens aparentemente neutras e objetivas, havia um antigo imaginário social e um projeto para o país.The images photographs of the magazine The National Geographic Magazine in the turn of century XIX for century XX had portrayed the United States as a country of the immensity of the geographic space and of it an continue economic progress. The representation of the largeness of the country is made with choices of the subjects as in aesthetic decisions involving photographic techniques and publishing methods. However, for backwards of these neutral and apparently objective images it had one old imaginary social and project for the countr

CAMPOS ELÍSEOS: UMA LEITURA PELA ESTRATIFICAÇÃO DOS DIREITOS DE PROPRIEDADE DA TERRA

Esta pesquisa propõe a leitura estratificada do direito de propriedade a partir de estudos realizados sobre Campos Elíseos, uma região central da metrópole de São Paulo. Metodologicamente, o estudo fixa esse lugar e mobiliza o tempo, com vistas a identificar, na história, conjuntos estabilizados de relações de propriedade. Compreende-se que cada conjunto, tomado isoladamente, tanto explicita uma época quanto forma um sedimento, e que o montante de sedimentos, sobrepostos, gera uma estratificação ou um perfil morfológico. O perfil morfológico, ao seu turno, permite uma leitura que privilegia o espaço, apresentando as persistências de relações espaciais ou sua superação, completa ou parcial

Coupling GIS and LCA for biodiversity assessments of land use

Geospatial details about land use are necessary to assess its potential impacts on biodiversity. Geographic information systems (GIS) are adept at modeling land use in a spatially explicit manner, while life cycle assessment (LCA) does not conventionally utilize geospatial information. This study presents a proof-of-concept approach for coupling GIS and LCA for biodiversity assessments of land use and applies it to a case study of ethanol production from agricultural crops in California. GIS modeling was used to generate crop production scenarios for corn and sugar beets that met a range of ethanol production targets. The selected study area was a four-county region in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, USA. The resulting land use maps were translated into maps of habitat types. From these maps, vectors were created that contained the total areas for each habitat type in the study region. These habitat compositions are treated as elementary input flows and used to calculate different biodiversity impact indicators in a second paper (Geyer et al., submitted). Ten ethanol production scenarios were developed with GIS modeling. Current land use is added as baseline scenario. The parcels selected for corn and sugar beet production were generally in different locations. Moreover, corn and sugar beets are classified as different habitat types. Consequently, the scenarios differed in both the habitat types converted and in the habitat types expanded. Importantly, land use increased nonlinearly with increasing ethanol production targets. The GIS modeling for this study used spatial data that are commonly available in most developed countries and only required functions that are provided in virtually any commercial or open-source GIS software package. This study has demonstrated that GIS-based inventory modeling of land use allows important refinements in LCA theory and practice. Using GIS, land use can be modeled as a geospatial and nonlinear function of output. For each spatially explicit process, land use can be expressed within the conventional structure of LCA methodology as a set of elementary input flows of habitat types