ریسک فاکتورهای سی تی اسکن غیرنرمال در بیماران مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس به دنبال تشنج؛ یک مطالعه مقطعی

Introduction: Determining the need for performing brain imaging for patients presenting to emergency department following seizure is one of the most important questions that emergency medicine specialists face. The present study has been designed with the aim of evaluating risk factors of abnormal computed tomography (CT) scan in patients presenting to emergency department following seizure. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on patients with seizure presenting to the emergency department of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital from April 2017 to March 2019 using convenience sampling. Demographic data and factors possibly related to presence of brain pathologic findings in patients were gathered and their correlation with findings of CT scan, performed for all patients, was evaluated. Results: 352 patients with the mean age of 34.99 ± 22.30 (6 months to 95) years were evaluated (58.8% male). Most studied patients (40.9%) had an education level less than high school diploma. 164 (46.6%) patients had a history of seizure from childhood or as a congenital disorder and 86 (24.4%) had a family history of seizure. 51.1% consumed anti-seizure medications and 31.8% would regularly take medications. Recent lack of sleep with a frequency of 174 (49.4%) cases and heavy physical activity before seizure with a frequency of 11 (3.1%) cases had the highest and lowest frequencies among predisposing factors of seizure. 138 (39.2%) patients had at least one pathologic finding in their brain imaging. The most common findings were subdural hemorrhage (7.1%) and brain tumors (6.8%), respectively. Based on these findings, a significant correlation was observed between age over 40 years (p < 0.001), supine position at the time of seizure (p < 0.001), positive history of seizure in childhood (p < 0.001), positive family history of seizure (p < 0.001), consumption or ceasing to consume anti-seizure medication (p < 0.001), acute head trauma (p < 0.001), consuming anti-coagulant medication (p < 0.001), presence of fever (p < 0.001), positive history of malignancy (p < 0.001), focal seizure (p < 0.001), and headache (p = 0.003) with abnormal CT findings. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between sex, time of seizure onset, education, drug abuse, presence of seizure stimulating factors, focal neurologic disorder, and altered level of consciousness with presence of pathologic findings in brain CT scan. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study it seems that using a series of clinical decision rules, we might be able to predict the probability of pathologic findings being present in the CT scan of patients with seizure and avoid brain imaging in cases with low probability.مقدمه: نیاز به انجام تصویر برداری مغزی برای بیماران مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس به دنبال تشنج از سوالات مهم پیش روی متخصصین طب اورژانس است. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی ریسک فاکتورهای سی‌تی‌اسکن غیر نرمال در بیماران مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس به دنبال تشنج طراحی شده است. روش‌ کار: این مطالعه مقطعی بر روی بیماران مبتلا به تشنج مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس بیمارستان شهدای تجریش از فروردین سال 1396 تا اسفند سال 1397 با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس صورت پذیرفت. اطلاعات دموگرافیک و فاکتورهای احتمالی مرتبط با وجود یافته های پاتولوژیک مغزی بیماران جمع آوری و ارتباط آنها با یافته های سی تی اسکن، که برای تمامی بیماران انجام شد، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج: 352 بیمار با میانگین سنی 30/22±99/34 (6 ماه تا 95) سال مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند (8/58 درصد مرد). بیشتر افراد مورد بررسی (9/40%) تحصیلاتی زیر دیپلم  داشتند. 164 (6/46%)  نفر از بیماران سابقه تشنج از دوران کودکی یا به صورت مادرزادی را داشتند و 86 (4/24%) نفر سابقه خانوادگی تشنج داشتند. 1/51 درصد داروی ضد تشنج دریافت می‌کردند و 8/31 درصد مصرف منظم دارو داشتند. بی خوابی اخیر با فراوانی 174 (4/49%) مورد و انجام فعالیت سنگین پیش از تشنج با فراوانی 11 (1/3%) مورد به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین فراوانی را در بین فاکتورهای مستعد کننده تشنج داشتند. 138 (2/39 درصد) نفر از بیماران دارای حداقل یک یافته پاتولوژیک در تصویر برداری مغزی بودند. شایع ترین یافته ها به ترتیب خونریزی زیر دورا (1/7 درصد) و تومرهای مغزی (8/6 درصد) بودند. بر این اساس همبستگی معنی داری بین سن بالای 40 سال (001/0 > p)، حالت خوابیده هنگام تشنج (001/0 > p)، سابقه مثبت تشنج در کودکی (001/0 > p)، سابقه مثبت خانوادگی تشنج (001/0 > p)، مصرف یا قطع داروی ضد تشنج (001/0 > p)، ضربه به سر حاد (001/0 > p)، مصرف داروی ضد انعقاد (001/0 > p)، وجود تب (001/0 > p)، سابقه مثبت بدخیمی (001/0 > p)، تشنج فوکال (001/0 > p)، و سردرد (003/0 = p) و امکان وجود یافته مثبت در سی تی مغز مشاهده شد. ولی ارتباط آماری معنی‌داری بین متغیرهای جنس، زمان بروز تشنج، تحصیلات، سومصرف مواد، وجود فاکتور تحریک کننده تشنج، اختلال عصبی موضعی، کاهش سطح هوشیاری با وجود یافته پاتولوژیک در سی تی اسکن مغزی وجود نداشت. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس یافته های مطالعه حاضر به نظر می رسد که شاید بتوان با استفاده از یک سری معیار های بالینی احتمال وجود ضایعه پاتولوژیک در سی تی اسکن بیماران مبتلا به تشنج را پیشگویی نمود و از انجام تصویر برداری مغزی در موارد با احتمال پایین خودداری نمود

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Background The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0.603 (0.400-1.00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0.002 (0-0) and 1.75 (0.698-4.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0.114 (0-0.403) to 1.87 (0.500-3.30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0.193 (0-0.900) and 6.94 (3.40-8.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59.1% (54.3-65.4) were aged 15-39 years and 76.9% (73.0-81.3) were male. Interpretation There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol

Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose–response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15–95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0–0·403) to 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years and 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% 47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% 32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% 27.9-42.8] and 33.3% 25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license