Yksinasuvien helsinkiläisten asumispreferenssit

The subject of this Master's thesis is the housing preferences of one-person households in Helsinki. The purpose of this study is to find out what kind of housing those who live alone prefer, and whether their preferences differ from the preferences of the rest of the population in Helsinki. The housing preferences are examined through both revealed preferences and stated preferences. Statistics about the shares of one person households in districts of Helsinki as well as the current types of housing and tenancy are examined to study the revealed preferences. Preferred housing types and neighborhood types are analyzed in order to study the stated preferences. The primary data in this study is a survey dataset about housing and well-being, collected as a part of a research program in Helsinki metropolitan area in 2012. Statistical data of the household types and dwelling sizes in Helsinki by Statistics Finland is another dataset used in this study. The study is a part of the quantitative research tradition, and the main research methods are descriptive data analysis, crosstabulation and comparison of means. Geographical information methods have been used to conduct spatial analysis with the data, and also to visualize it. The most important findings of this study are twofold. First of all, they confirm the concept of more urban housing preferences of the solo-dwellers compared to the rest of the population. Those who live alone not only tend to exhibit more urban housing patterns, but also seem to prefer certain characteristics of urban living, for example living in central urban areas and apartment blocks, more distinctively than those living in other household types. Secondly, this study also confirms that solo- dwellers is a very diverse group of people whose housing preferences vary due to socioeconomic factors, especially age. The life stages and lifestyles of the solo-dwellers differ from each other, which has an impact on the housing choice and housing preferences. From the solo-dweller's point of view the development of the housing prices in Helsinki, which have gone up faster than the income levels, raises concerns. Many of those who live alone are economically worse off than those who live in two-earner-households. This reduces the number of choice the solo-dwellers have when making housing decisions. However, the findings of this study point out that there is a group of solo-dwellers in Helsinki city center who are quite affluent and can afford to fulfil their urban preferences. This study can not provide answers as to why those living alone actually prefer urban housing more than the rest of the population. In the future it would be interesting to find out which characteristics and functionalities of urban space are attractive to solo dwellers, and why.Tutkimuksen aiheena on yksinasuvien helsinkiläisten asumispreferenssit. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaisia yksinasuvien asumispreferenssit ovat, ja poikkeavatko ne jotenkin muiden helsinkiläisten asumispreferensseistä. Asumispreferenssejä tarkastellaan sekä toteutuneiden preferenssien että esitettyjen preferenssien avulla. Toteutuneita preferenssejä tutkitaan tarkastelemalla yhden hengen asuntokuntien osuuksia kaikista asuntokunnista Helsingin peruspiireissä, sekä vertaamalla yksinasuvien nykyisten asuntojen talotyyppejä ja hallintasuhdemuotoja muiden helsinkiläisten vastaaviin. Esitettyjä preferenssejä tarkastellaan mieluisimpina pidettyjen talotyyppien ja asuinaluetyyppien kautta. Tutkimuksen pääasiallinen aineisto on kyselytutkimus, joka on tehty vuonna 2012 osana Kaupunkitutkimus ja metropolipolitiikka -ohjelmaa. Tutkimuksessa käytetään myös Tilastokeskuksen tilastoaineistoja Helsingin asuntokunnista ja asuntotyypeistä. Aineistoa on hyödynnetty Helsingin seudun aluesarjat -portaalin kautta. Tutkimus asemoituu kvantitatiivisen tutkimuksen kenttään. Pääasiallisina menetelminä ovat jakaumien ja keskiarvojen vertailut. Aineiston analyysissa on käytetty hyväksi myös paikkatietomenetelmiä. Tutkimuksen tärkeimmät tulokset ovat kahdenlaisia. Ensinnäkin tuloksista vahvistuu käsitys yksinasuvien helsinkiläisten muuta väestöä urbaanimmista preferensseistä asumisen suhteen. He sekä asuvat tällä hetkellä urbaanimmin että pitävät urbaaniin asumiseen liittyviä piirteitä, kuten kaupungin keskustassa asumista ja kerrostaloasumista, mieluisampina kuin muut helsinkiläiset. Toisaalta tutkimus vahvistaa myös käsitystä yksinasuvista heterogeenisena ryhmänä, jonka asumistoiveet vaihtelevat erilaisten sosioekonomisten taustatekijöiden, etenkin iän suhteen. Yksinasuvien elämäntilanteissa- ja tyyleissä on paljon vaihtelua, mikä heijastuu myös asumistoiveisiin- ja valintoihin Yksinasuvien kannalta Helsingin asuntomarkkinoiden paikoin tulotasosta eriytynyt hintakehitys näyttää erityisen huolestuttavalta. Monet yksinasuvat ovat taloudellisesti heikommassa asemassa kuin useamman tulonsaajan kotitalouksissa asuvat, ja tämä vähentää heidän valinnanmahdollisuuksiaan asuinpaikan valinnassa. Toisaalta tulokset kertovat myös Helsingin keskusta-alueen yksinasuvien varsin hyvästä taloudellisesta tilanteesta, jonka myötä tämä ryhmä on voinut toteuttaa urbaaneja asumispreferessejään. Tämä tutkimus ei vastaa kysymykseen siitä, minkä vuoksi yksinasuvien asumispreferenssit ovat urbaanimpia kuin muiden. Jatkossa olisikin mielenkiintoista selvittää, mitkä kaupunkiympäristön ominaisuudet ja toiminnallisuudet tekevät siitä houkuttelevan asuinympäristön nimenomaan yksinasuvan näkökulmasta

Kuumeinen taapero päivystyksessä : tapauksen ratkaisu

Anamneesin kertaus Vanhemmat toivat 1 vuoden ja 3 kuukauden ikäisen tytön lääkäriaseman päivystysvastaanotolle edellisenä päivänä nousseen korkean kuumeen takia. Lapsella todettiin tonsilliitti, ja vanhempia ohjattiin kuumeenhoitoon ja riittävään nesteytykseen. Kolme päivää myöhemmin kuumeen jatkuessa lapsi tuotiin uudestaan päivystykseen

Kuumeinen taapero päivystyksessä - osa 2

Anamneesin kertaus Vanhemmat olivat tuoneet 15 kuukauden ikäisen kuumeisen tytön lääkäriaseman päivystysvastaanotolle edellisenä päivänä nousseen kuumeen takia. Lapsi oli syntynyt täysiaikaisena ja on perheen toinen lapsi.Hän on perusterve ja neuvolassa hänen on todettu kasvaneen ja kehittyneen normaalisti

Pulmonary administration of a dry powder formulation of the antifibrotic drug tilorone reduces silica-induced lung fibrosis in mice

The aim of this work was to study the antifibrotic effect of pulmonary administration of tilorone to lung fibrosis. L-leucine coated tilorone particles were prepared and their aerosolization properties were analyzed using two dry powder inhalers (Easyhaler and Twister). In addition, the biological activity and cell monolayer permeation was tested. The antifibrotic effect of tilorone delivered by oropharyngeal aspiration was studied in vivo using a silica-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis in mice in a preventive setting. When delivered from the Easyhaler in an inhalation simulator, the emitted dose and fine particle fraction were independent from the pressure applied and showed dose repeatability. However, with Twister the aerosolization was pressure-dependent indicating poor compatibility between the device and the formulation. The formulation showed more consistent permeation through a differentiated Calu-3 cell monolayer compared to pristine tilorone. Tilorone decreased the histological fibrosis score in vivo in systemic and local administration, but only systemic administration decreased the mRNA expression of type I collagen. The difference was hypothesized to result from 40-fold higher drug concentration in tissue samples in the systemic administration group. These results show that tilorone can be formulated as inhalable dry powder and has potential as an oral and inhalable antifibrotic drug.Peer reviewe

Caffeine content in newborn hair correlates with maternal dietary intake

Purpose High-maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy may be harmful for perinatal outcomes and future child health, but the level of fetal cumulative exposure has been difficult to measure thus far. Here, we present maternal dietary caffeine intake during the last trimester and its correlation to caffeine content in newborn hair after birth. Methods Maternal third trimester diets and dietary caffeine intake were prospectively collected in Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) using a 160-item food frequency questionnaire (n = 2840). Newborn hair was collected within 48 h after birth and analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for caffeine (n = 316). Correlation between dietary caffeine intake and neonatal hair caffeine content was evaluated from 203 mother-child pairs. Results Mean dietary caffeine intake was 167 mg/days (95% CI 162-172 mg/days), of which coffee comprised 81%. Caffeine in the maternal diet and caffeine content in newborn hair correlated significantly (r = 0.50; p <0.001). Older, multiparous, overweight women, and smokers had the highest caffeine levels in the maternal diet, as well as in their newborn babies' hair. Conclusion Caffeine exposure, estimated from newborn hair samples, reflects maternal third trimester dietary caffeine intake and introduces a new method to assess fetal cumulative caffeine exposure. Further studies to evaluate the effects of caffeine exposure on both perinatal and postnatal outcomes are warranted, since over 40% of pregnant women consume caffeine more than the current suggested recommendations (European Food Safety Association, EFSA recommendations).Peer reviewe

Airborne measurements over the boreal forest of southern Finland during new particle formation events in 2009 and 2010

Peer reviewe

Kuopio birth cohort - design of a Finnish joint research effort for identification of environmental and lifestyle risk factors for the wellbeing of the mother and the newborn child

Background: A Finnish joint research effort Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) seeks to evaluate the effects of genetics, epigenetics and different risk factors (medication, nutrition, lifestyle factors and environmental aspects) during pregnancy on the somatic and psychological health status of the mother and the child. Methods: KuBiCo will ultimately include information on 10,000 mother-child pairs who have given their informed consent to participate in this cohort. Identification of foetal health risk factors that can potentially later manifest as disease requires a repository of relevant biological samples and a flexible open up-to-date data handling system to register, store and analyse biological, clinical and questionnaire-based data. KuBiCo includes coded questionnaire-based maternal background data gathered before, during and after the pregnancy and bio-banking of maternal and foetal samples that will be stored in deep freezers. Data from the questionnaires and biological samples will be collected into one electronic database. KuBiCo consists of several work packages which are complementary to each other: Maternal, foetal and placental metabolism and omits; Paediatrics; Mental wellbeing; Prenatal period and delivery; Analgesics and anaesthetics during peripartum period; Environmental effects; Nutrition; and Research ethics. Discussion: This report describes the set-up of the KuBiCo and descriptive analysis from 3532 parturients on response frequencies and feedback to KuBiCo questionnaires gathered from June 2012 to April 2016. Additionally, we describe basic demographic data of the participants (n = 1172). Based on the comparison of demographic data between official national statistics and our descriptive analysis, KuBiCo represents a cross-section of Finnish pregnant women.Peer reviewe