Linking Sediment Gas Storage to the Methane Dynamics in a Shallow Freshwater Reservoir

Freshwater reservoirs are globally relevant sources of the greenhouse gas methane. Organic matter rich sediments are hot spots of methane production and can store large amounts of methane dissolved in porewater and as free gas. Yet, in situ data on the gas storage as free gas (bubbles) in freshwater sediments are scarce. Here, an acoustic approach was tested and used to map the gas content in the sediment of a shallow temperate reservoir. The sediment gas storage was linked to the methane budget obtained from almost 2 years of in situ monitoring. The emission fluxes were dominated by ebullition and degassing at the reservoir outlet, which combined accounted for 93% of the total methane emissions. 66% of the ebullition variability was explained by a combination of environmental parameters. Mappings of sediment gas content using echo sounder surveys revealed the accumulation of free gas in regions of elevated sediment deposition. Temporally, the gas storage in the sediment was related to methane emissions, in which a period of intensified emissions resulted in a reduction of sediment gas storage. The sediment could store an equivalent of 4 to 13 days of accumulated potential methane production, which could supply the mean ebullition flux for more than 2 months. We suggest that sediment gas storage plays an important role in buffering and modulating methane emissions in aquatic systems and need to be accounted for in process-based models

Accaparement de terres et droits de l'homme: rôle des sociétés et des entités financières européennes dans l'accaparement de terres en dehors de l'Union européenne

Dans les travaux de recherche antérieurs sur l'accaparement de terres, les auteurs se sont initialement intéressés aux sociétés étrangères investissant dans d'autres pays et ont mis notamment l'accent sur les sociétés implantées dans des pays tels que la Chine, les États du Golfe, la Corée du Sud et l'Inde. Ces dernières années, il est devenu évident que la palette des pays d'origine des investisseurs fonciers est bien plus large et comprend des acteurs implantés en Atlantique Nord et dans l'Union européenne. Dans la présente étude, nous fournissons des données qualitatives et quantitatives pour illustrer le rôle des entités financières et des sociétés établies dans l'Union européenne dans les transactions foncières opérées en dehors de l'Union. Cette étude analyse également le phénomène international de "ruée vers la terre" avec les droits de l'homme en arrière-plan, en examinant les répercussions de certaines transactions foncières auxquelles des investisseurs basés dans l'Union européenne participent, ainsi que leurs effets sur les populations qui vivent dans les secteurs visés par les investissements. Ces recherches s'appuient en partie sur l'étude réalisée en 2014 par Cotula sur les facteurs favorisant l'accaparement de terres et les répercussions de ce phénomène sur les droits de l'homme, mais s'en écartent également par la façon dont l'accent est mis expressément sur certains cas d'abus et de violations, potentielles ou effectives des droits de l'homme dans le cadre d'activités dans lesquelles des sociétés et des entités financières européennes sont impliquées. Dans nos conclusions, nous proposons une série de recommandations sur la façon dont l'Union européenne peut s'attaquer de façon efficace à ces problèmes

Land Grabbing and Human Rights: the Involvement of European Corporate and Financial Entities in Land Grabbing outside the European Union

In early research on land grabbing, the initial focus was on foreign companies investing abroad, with a particular focus on those based in countries such as China, Gulf States, South Korea, and India. In recent years, it has become evident that the range of countries land investors originate in is far broader, and includes both North Atlantic - and EU-based actors. In this study, we offer both quantitative and qualitative data illustrating the involvement of EU-based corporate and financial entities in land deals occurring outside of the EU. This study also analyses the global land rush within a human rights framework, examining the implications of particular land deals involving EU-based investors and their impact on communities living in areas where the investments are taking place. The research presented here builds partly on Cotula’s 2014 study on the drivers and human rights implications of land grabbing, but differs in that it focuses explicitly on particular cases of possible, actual or potential human rights abuses and violations, in the context of activities involving European corporate and financial entities. In our conclusions, we offer a series of recommendations on how the EU can more effectively address these issues

Percepções de gestantes acerca do cuidado pré-natal na atenção primária à saúde

Objetivo: Compreender as percepções das gestantes acerca do cuidado recebido durante opré-natal, no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde.Método: Estudo qualitativo, baseado na Grounded Theory. A coleta de dados foi realizadade agosto a dezembro de 2016, através de entrevista semiestruturada com 12 gestantes querealizaram acompanhamento pré-natal na atenção primária do município deFlorianópolis/SC/Brasil. A coleta e análise dos dados foram realizadas concomitantemente.Na análise de dados utilizou-se a codificação aberta e axial.Resultados: Foram elaboradas três categorias, sendo elas: O cuidado antes e durante agestação. Participação em grupos de gestantes e, Cuidado de qualidade durante a gestação.Conclusão: As percepções das gestantes acerca do cuidado recebido durante o pré-natalestão relacionadas à atenção dispensada, ao acolhimento humanizado, consideração dasubjetividade da gestante e amparo nos momentos difíceis que tornam este períodosatisfatório.Palavras-chave: Atenção primária à saúde. Cuidado pré-natal. Enfermagem no consultório.Gestantes

EVITABILIDAD DEL ÓBITO INFANTIL Y FETAL: DIÁLOGO ENTRE COMITÉ Y ATENCIÓN BÁSICA A LA SALUD

Objective: to investigate how the interlocution between the Committee for the Prevention of Maternal, Infant and Fetal Death and Primary Health Care takes place in the municipality of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.Method: a single case study, with a qualitative approach, which had the Committee mentioned as the context, justified by the decisive case of the Northern Health District. ,Four sources of evidence were used in the data collection and the explanatory construction technique in the analysis,.Results: the implantation and organization of the Mother and Infant Mortality Study Technical Group was highlighted, this being the interlocutor agent between the Committee and primary care, which reviews behaviors and work processes and proposes improvements in prenatal care.Conclusion: the management strategies implemented by the Northern District can be taken as an example for other scenarios, especially for the promotion of an effective interlocution with primary care.Objetivo: evidenciar cómo ocurre el diálogo entre el Comité de Prevención del Óbito Materno, Infantil y Fetal y la Atención Básica a la Salud en el municipio de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.Método: estudio de caso único, con abordaje cualitativo, que tuvo como contexto el antedicho Comité, justificado por el caso decisivo, el Distrito Sanitario Norte. En la obtención de datos se utilizaron cuatro fuentes de evidencia y, en el análisis, la técnica de construcción de la explanación.Resultados: se evidenciaron la implantación y la organización del Grupo Técnico de Estudios sobre Mortalidad Materno Infantil, como el agente de diálogo entre el Comité y la atención básica, que revisa conductas y procesos de trabajo y propone mejorías en la asistencia durante el prenatal.Conclusión: las estrategias de gestión implementadas por el Distrito Norte pueden ser ejemplo para otros escenarios, sobre todo para la promoción de una interlocución efectiva con la atención básica.Objetivo: evidenciar como ocorre a interlocução entre o Comitê de Prevenção do Óbito Materno, Infantil e Fetal e a Atenção Primária à Saúde no município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.Método: estudo de caso único, com abordagem qualitativa, que teve como contexto o referido Comitê, justificado pelo caso decisivo, o Distrito Sanitário Norte. Na coleta de dados foram utilizadas quatro fontes de evidência e, na análise, a técnica de construção da explanação.Resultados: evidenciou-se a implantação e organização do Grupo Técnico de Estudos sobre Mortalidade Materno-Infantil, como o agente interlocutor entre o Comitê e a atenção primária, que revisa condutas e processos de trabalho e propõe melhorias na assistência durante o pré-natal.Conclusão: as estratégias de gestão implementadas pelo Distrito Norte podem ser tomadas como exemplo para outros cenários, sobretudo para a promoção de uma interlocução efetiva com a atenção primária

The association of white matter connectivity with prevalence, incidence and course of depressive symptoms: The Maastricht Study

BACKGROUND: Altered white matter brain connectivity has been linked to depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of markers of white matter connectivity with prevalence, incidence and course of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Markers of white matter connectivity (node degree, clustering coefficient, local efficiency, characteristic path length, and global efficiency) were assessed at baseline by 3 T MRI in the population-based Maastricht Study (n = 4866; mean ± standard deviation age 59.6 ± 8.5 years, 49.0% women; 17 406 person-years of follow-up). Depressive symptoms (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9) were assessed at baseline and annually over seven years of follow-up. Major depressive disorder (MDD) was assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview at baseline only. We used negative binominal, logistic and Cox regression analyses, and adjusted for demographic, cardiovascular, and lifestyle risk factors. RESULTS: A lower global average node degree at baseline was associated with the prevalence and persistence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms [PHQ-9 ⩾ 10; OR (95% confidence interval) per standard deviation = 1.21 (1.05-1.39) and OR = 1.21 (1.02-1.44), respectively], after full adjustment. On the contrary, no associations were found of global average node degree with the MDD at baseline [OR 1.12 (0.94-1.32) nor incidence or remission of clinically relevant depressive symptoms [HR = 1.05 (0.95-1.17) and OR 1.08 (0.83-1.41), respectively]. Other connectivity measures of white matter organization were not associated with depression. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that fewer white matter connections may contribute to prevalent depressive symptoms and its persistence but not to incident depression. Future studies are needed to replicate our findings

White Matter Connectivity Abnormalities in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes:The Maastricht Study

OBJECTIVE: Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are associated with structural brain abnormalities, often observed in cognitive disorders. Besides visible lesions, (pre)diabetes might also be associated with alterations of the intrinsic organization of the white matter. In this population-based cohort study, the association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes with white matter network organization was assessed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In the Maastricht Study, a type 2 diabetes-enriched population-based cohort study (1,361 normal glucose metabolism, 348 prediabetes, and 510 type 2 diabetes assessed by oral glucose tolerance test; 52% men; aged 59 ± 8 years), 3 Tesla structural and diffusion MRI was performed. Whole-brain white matter tractography was used to assess the number of connections (node degree) between 94 brain regions and the topology (graph measures). Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to investigate the associations of glucose metabolism status with network measures. Associations were adjusted for age, sex, education, and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes were associated with lower node degree after full adjustment (standardized [st]βPrediabetes = -0.055 [95% CI -0.172, -0.062], stβType2diabetes = -0.256 [-0.379, -0.133], Ptrend < 0.001). Prediabetes was associated with lower local efficiency (stβ = -0.084 [95% CI -0.159, -0.008], P = 0.033) and lower clustering coefficient (stβ = -0.097 [95% CI -0.189, -0.005], P = 0.049), whereas type 2 diabetes was not. Type 2 diabetes was associated with higher communicability (stβ = 0.148 [95% CI 0.042, 0.253], P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are associated with fewer white matter connections and weaker organization of white matter networks. Type 2 diabetes was associated with higher communicability, which was not yet observed in prediabetes and may reflect the use of alternative white matter connections