4 research outputs found

    New teachers' experiences of and access to social support

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    The goal with this research is to map out how newly graduated teachers in the Swedish schools in Finland experiences forms of and access to social support. The work as a teacher is regarding to Gavish & Friedman (2010) one of the most demanding social professions and more and more teachers become burned out. Teachers are fronting more and larger challenges and as a newly graduated teacher it might become overwhelming as teachers often work independently. What happens if a newly graduated teacher experiences social support and what happens if a newly graduated teacher doesn’t experience social support? This thesis’ theoretical ground for mapping out how the social support is accessed in the Swedish schools in Finlands stems from the social support model from research by PyhĂ€ltö (2018). Previous studies have shown that social support is an essential part of an individuals’ ability to prosperand that is especially true for teachers. (CornĂ©r et al., 2017; Gavish & Friedman, 2010; Heikkinen et al., 2020; PyhĂ€ltö, 2018; Larrivee, 2012) Seven newly graduated teachers have been interviewed based on a pre-made interview material in this thesis. This thesis has been made in co-operation with the SAMS-samverkan och social stöd I den finlandssvenska skolan-project. The interviews have been analyzed through thematic analysis. The newly graduated teachers experience a broad variation of different support forms. Informative, instrumental, and emotional support is available in the schools the teachers have experience from. The newly graduated teachers are also experiencing that they have a broad access to sources of social support. The results of this research showed that there are quite a lot of themes where the forms of social support have shortages. For example, shortage of support at communication and information flow in the college, shortage of support in administrative tasks and shortage of support in self-criticalness and creating of a teacher identity. The results showed that teachers experienced grade colleagues and the colleagues as an important source of social support. To avoid shortage of social support in the future could mentorship and mentor teacher programs develop in the Swedish schools in Finland. The social support model could be a part of the teacher education. The newly graduated teacher would then have the tools to identify shortages and when needed, search for the social support at the right time. Focus from the professional development during the studies to become a teacher could be integrated later in the teacher’s career.MĂ„let med denna undersökning Ă€r att kartlĂ€gga hur nyutexaminerade finlandssvenska lĂ€rare upplever former av och tillgĂ„ng till socialt stöd. LĂ€raryrket Ă€r enligt Gavish & Friedman (2010) ett av de mest krĂ€vande sociala yrkena och allt fler lĂ€rare blir utbrĂ€nda. LĂ€rare stĂ€lls inför allt fler och större utmaningar och som nyutexaminerad kan det kĂ€nnas övervĂ€ldigande eftersom man som lĂ€rare oftast arbetar vĂ€ldigt sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndigt. Vad hĂ€nder om man som nyutexaminerad upplever socialt stöd och vad hĂ€nder om man som nyutexaminerad lĂ€rare inte upplever socialt stöd? I denna avhandling ligger PyhĂ€ltös (2018) modell för socialt stöd till grund för kartlĂ€ggningen av hur det ser ut i de finlandssvenska skolorna. Tidigare studier har visat att socialt stöd Ă€r vĂ€sentligt för en individs vĂ€lmĂ„ende och speciellt för lĂ€rare. (CornĂ©r et al., 2017; Gavish & Friedman, 2010; Heikkinen et al., 2020; PyhĂ€ltö, 2018; Larrivee, 2012) I denna studie har sju nyutexaminerade lĂ€rare blivit intervjuade genom intervju och med hjĂ€lp av ett fĂ€rdigt intervjuunderlag. Denna avhandling har gjorts i samarbete med projektet SAMS – samverkan och socialt stöd i den finlandssvenska skolan. Intervjusvaren har blivit analyserade genom en tematisk analysmetod. De nyutexaminerade lĂ€rarna upplever en bred variation av olika stödformer och informativt, instrumentellt och emotionellt stöd förekommer pĂ„ de skolor lĂ€rarna arbetar pĂ„. De nyutexaminerade lĂ€rarna upplever Ă€ven att de har en bred tillgĂ„ng till kĂ€llor till socialt stöd. Resultaten visade att det finns en hel del teman inom vilka de sociala stödformerna har brister. Exempelvis brister i stöd vid kommunikation och informationsflödet i kollegiet, brister i stöd vid administrativa uppgifter och brister i stöd vid sjĂ€lvkritiskhet och skapande av lĂ€raridentitet. Resultaten visar att lĂ€rarna upplevde Ă„rskurskolleger och kollegiet som en viktig kĂ€lla till socialt stöd. För att i framtiden undvika brister i socialt stöd kunde mentorskap och mentorlĂ€rarprogram utvecklas i den finlandssvenska skolan. Den sociala stödmodellen kunde vara en del av lĂ€rarutbildningen sĂ„ att nyutexaminerade lĂ€rare kunde identifiera och vid behov söka det sociala stöd som behövs. Fokus frĂ„n professionella utvecklingen under studierna kunde flyttas framĂ„t för att fokuseras pĂ„ lĂ€ngre fram i lĂ€rarkarriĂ€ren

    Ransoneringar pÄ policy- och individnivÄ i hÀlso- och sjukvÄrden - Ett beteendeekonomiskt experiment : Health Care Rationing at Policy and Bedside Level - A behavioral economic experiment

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    Bakgrund: Resurserna inom hÀlso- och sjukvÄrd Àr inte tillrÀckliga för att tillgodose den stigande efterfrÄgan. FörmÄgan att ransonera, att neka vÄrd, Àr central i arbetet för att allokera ekonomiska resurser sÄ effektivt som möjligt. Ransoneringsbeslut kan betraktas som moraliska dilemman dÀr beslutsfattaren tvingas vÀlja mellan tvÄ etiska principer som stÄr i konflikt med varandra. Policymakare och lÀkare fattar emellertid inte beslut under samma förutsÀttningar. MÄnga policys Àr inte alltid tillÀmpbara pÄ individnivÄ eftersom de utgÄr ifrÄn ett grupperspektiv och ignorerar en patients individuella behov.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie Àr att genom ett beteendeekonomiskt experiment undersöka hur beslutsfattarkontexten har en inverkan pÄ beslut i ransoneringssituationer inom hÀlso- och sjukvÄrden.Metod: Studenter frÄn lÀkarprogrammet samt andra högskoleprogram fÄr i en enkÀtundersökning besvara ransoneringsfall dÀr utilitaristiska och deontologiska vÀrden stÄr i konflikt med varandra. Varje enkÀt Àr inramad med avseende pÄ en av tvÄ beslutsfattarkontexter; policynivÄ och individnivÄ. PÄ policynivÄ ska respondenten anta rollen som avdelningschef och fatta ett beslut som rör en grupp statistiska patienter. PÄ individnivÄ ska respondenten anta rollen som lÀkare och fatta ett beslut som rör en identifierad patientResultat: Respondenter Àr mer utilitaristiska och ransonerar i större utstrÀckning pÄ policynivÄ Àn pÄ individnivÄ. Skillnaden i andel fler utilitaristiska svar pÄ policynivÄ Àn pÄ individnivÄ Àr störst för lÀkarstudenter och i livsavgörande fall. Andra studenter ransonerar dÀremot i större utstrÀckning pÄ individnivÄ. I livskvalitetshöjande fall varierar effekten av beslutsfattarkontext och andelen utilitaristiska svar Àr i vissa fall lÀgre pÄ policynivÄ Àn pÄ individnivÄ.Slutsats: Studien visar att beslut fattade pÄ policy- och individnivÄ inte nödvÀndigtvis Àr samstÀmmiga, trots att den medicinska och ekonomiska informationen Àr densamma. Ransoneringsbeteendet skiljer sig dessutom Ät beroende pÄ om individen studerar till lÀkare. Detta uppmuntrar till fortsatta studier kring beslutsfattarkontextens inverkan pÄ ransoneringsbeslut inom hÀlso- och sjukvÄrden.Background: Scarce health care resources fail to supply the increasing demand. In order to allocate the economic resources as efficiently as possibly the capacity to ration, to deny patients health care, is essential. Rationing decisions can be considered as moral dilemmas where the decision maker is required to choose between two conflicting ethical principles. However, the conditions under which policymakers and physicians make decisions are different. Many policies are not applicable at the bedside level since they are based on a group perspective and tend to ignore a patient's individual needs.Aim: The aim of this study is to conduct a behavioural economic experiment and examine how the context of the decision-maker influences the outcome of their decision in health care rationing situations.Method: Medical students and students from other graduate programmes receive a questionnaire where they each make decisions in rationing scenarios where utilitarian and deontological principles are in conflict. Each survey is framed as a decision presented in one of two decision-making contexts, policy or bedside level. At policy level, the subjects assume the perspective of a head of department and make decisions regarding a patient based upon a group statistic. At bedside level, the subjects take the perspective of a physician and make decisions regarding an identified patient.Results: Subjects are more utilitarian and ration to a higher degree at policy level than at bedside level. The difference in the rate of utilitarian answers at policy level in comparison to bedside level is largest for medical students and in life saving scenarios. Students from other graduate programmes, however, are more likely to ration at policy level. In life enhancing scenarios, the effect of the decision-making context differs and the rate of utilitarian responses is in some cases lower at policy level than at the individual level.Conclusion: This study shows that decisions at the policy and the bedside level are not necessarily the same, even though the available information of the treatments and costs remains unchanged. This result encourages further studies on the impact of the decision-making context on rationing decisions in health care

    Discrepancy between Health Care Rationing at the Bedside and Policy Level

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    Background. Whether doctors at the bedside level should be engaged in health care rationing is a controversial topic that has spurred much debate. From an empirical point of view, a key issue is whether there exists a behavioral difference between rationing at the bedside and policy level. Psychological theory suggests that we should indeed expect such a difference, but existing empirical evidence is inconclusive. Objective. To explore whether rationing decisions taken at the bedside level are different from rationing decisions taken at the policy level. Method. Behavioral experiment where participants (n = 573) made rationing decisions in hypothetical scenarios. Participants (medical and nonmedical students) were randomly assigned to either a bedside or a policy condition. Each scenario involved 1 decision, concerning either a life-saving medical treatment or a quality-of-life improving treatment. All scenarios were identical across the bedside and policy condition except for the level of decision making. Results. We found a discrepancy between health care rationing at policy and bedside level for scenarios involving life-saving decisions, where subjects rationed treatments to a greater extent at the policy level compared to bedside level (35.6% v. 29.3%, P = 0.001). Medical students were more likely to ration care compared to nonmedical students. Follow-up questions showed that bedside rationing was more emotionally burdensome than rationing at the policy level, indicating that psychological factors likely play a key role in explaining the observed behavioral differences. We found no difference in rationing between bedside and policy level for quality-of-life improving treatments (54.6% v. 55.7%, P = 0.507). Conclusions. Our results indicate a robust bedside effect in the life-saving domain of health care rationing decisions, thereby adding new insights to the understanding of the malleability of preferences related to resource allocation
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