Routing and Security in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) consists of a set of nodes which can form a network among themselves. MANETs have applications in areas such as military, disaster rescue operations, monitoring animal habitats, etc. where establishing fixed communication infrastructure is not feasible. Routing protocols designed for MANETs can be broadly classified as position-based (geographic), topology-based and hybrid. Geographic routing uses location information of nodes to route messages. Topology-based routing uses network state information for route discovery and maintenance. Hybrid routing protocols use features in both position-based and topology-based approaches. Position-based routing protocols route packets towards the destination using greedy forwarding (i.e., an intermediate node forwards packets to a neighbor that is closer to the destination than itself). If a node has no neighbor that is closer to the destination than itself, greedy forwarding fails. In this case, we say there is void. Different position-based routing protocols use different methods for dealing with voids. Topology-based routing protocols can be classified into on-demand (reactive) routing protocols and proactive routing protocols. Generally, on-demand routing protocols establish routes when needed by flooding route requests throughout the entire network, which is not a scalable approach. Reactive routing protocols try to maintain routes between every pair of nodes by periodically exchanging messages with each other which is not a scalable approach also. This thesis addresses some of these issues and makes the following contribution. First, we present a position-based routing protocol called Greedy Routing Protocol with Backtracking (GRB) which uses a simple backtracking technique to route around voids, unlike existing position-based routing protocols which construct planarized graph of the local network to route around voids. We compare the performance of our protocol with the well known Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol and the Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol as well as the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. Performance evaluation shows that our protocol has less control overhead than those of DSR, AODV, and GPSR. Performance evaluation also shows that our protocol has a higher packet-delivery ratio, lower end-to-end delay, and less hop count, on average, compared to AODV, DSR and GPSR. We then present an on-demand routing protocol called ``Hybrid On-demand Greedy Routing Protocol with Backtracking for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks which uses greedy approach for route discovery. This prevents flooding route requests, unlike the existing on-demand routing protocols. This approach also helps in finding routes that have lower hop counts than AODV and DSR. Our performance evaluation confirms that our protocol performs better than AODV and DSR, on average, with respect to hop count, packet-delivery ratio and control overhead. In MANETs, all nodes need to cooperate to establish routes. Establishing secure and valid routes in the presence of adversaries is a challenge in MANETs. Some of the well-known source routing protocols presented in the literature (e.g., Ariadne and endairA) which claim to establish secure routes are susceptible to hidden channel attacks. We address this issue and present a secure routing protocol called SAriadne, based on sanitizable signatures. We show that our protocol detects and prevents hidden channel attacks

Production and properties of metal-coated powders for use in the production of engineering components

This research involves a study of sane of the methods available for covering material substrates with a metallic coating. The materials studied were metal and ceramic powders, and the research attempted to produce composite powders, which could be used in the powder metallurgy industries as cheaper replacements for existing expensive powders. For example, iron powder particles coated with copper/tin could replace expensive bronze powders in machine bearing production. [Continues.

Microarray-based ultra-high resolution discovery of genomic deletion mutations

BACKGROUND: Oligonucleotide microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) offers an attractive possible route for the rapid and cost-effective genome-wide discovery of deletion mutations. CGH typically involves comparison of the hybridization intensities of genomic DNA samples with microarray chip representations of entire genomes, and has widespread potential application in experimental research and medical diagnostics. However, the power to detect small deletions is low. RESULTS: Here we use a graduated series of Arabidopsis thaliana genomic deletion mutations (of sizes ranging from 4 bp to ~5 kb) to optimize CGH-based genomic deletion detection. We show that the power to detect smaller deletions (4, 28 and 104 bp) depends upon oligonucleotide density (essentially the number of genome-representative oligonucleotides on the microarray chip), and determine the oligonucleotide spacings necessary to guarantee detection of deletions of specified size. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings will enhance a wide range of research and clinical applications, and in particular will aid in the discovery of genomic deletions in the absence of a priori knowledge of their existence

Atrioventricular canal defect and genetic syndromes: the unifying role of sonic hedgehog

The atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD) is a congenital heart defect (CHD) frequently associated with extracardiac anomalies (75%). Previous observations from a personal series of patients with AVCD and "polydactyly syndromes" showed that the distinct morphology and combination of AVCD features in some of these syndromes is reminiscent of the cardiac phenotype found in heterotaxy, a malformation complex previously associated with functional cilia abnormalities and aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Hh signaling coordinates multiple aspects of left-right lateralization and cardiovascular growth. Being active at the venous pole the secondary heart field (SHF) is essential for normal development of dorsal mesenchymal protrusion and AVCD formation and septation. Experimental data show that perturbations of different components of the Hh pathway can lead to developmental errors presenting with partially overlapping manifestations and AVCD as a common denominator. We review the potential role of Hh signaling in the pathogenesis of AVCD in different genetic disorders. AVCD can be viewed as part of a "developmental field," according to the concept that malformations can be due to defects in signal transduction cascades or pathways, as morphogenetic units which may be altered by Mendelian mutations, aneuploidies, and environmental causes

Density Independent and Temperature Compensated Moisture Prediction Model for Agricultural Products Using Impedance Analyzer: A Review

Agricultural products play an essential role in stabilizing the country economy. Third largest sector of Indian economy is agricultural products. In agricultural products the important factor for post harvesting, processing, storage and transport, is moisture, which affect their quality. In modern agriculture fast, non-destructive and reliable sensing technique for determination of moisture content in agricultural crops is required to prevent the losses and to improve efficiency of production. Various techniques are available for moisture sensing in agricultural products and better results have been achieved with use for these techniques. The performance of developed method for moisture sensing is comparable with that of commercial moisture meter. The most reliable solution for measuring the moisture content of agricultural products and non-destructive method is use of bulk density dielectric function. This paper reviews the area of moisture determination methods for various agricultural products and summarizing the various electrical methods for moisture determination

Development of Moisture Prediction Model for Tea using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

Moisture is the most essential parameter for tea leaves for storage and consumption stage as it affects the physical and chemical aspects of tea leaves with which it relates the stability and freshness the tea leaves for a long time. The most essential parameter which affects the quality of tea leaves is moisture for post harvesting, processing, storage and transport. The main aim of this study is to development procedure for moisture content measurements of fresh tea leaves using measurement acquired by electrical properties. Method This relation is obtained the frequency range within between 100 kHz to 300 MHz and moisture content ranges between 2%-75%. A good relation between moisture content and correlate with variations in electrical properties viz. IZI, Ѳz, R, Cp, Cs has been observed by partial least square regression technique. Result Moisture prediction model was developed by applying electrical properties and that the new technique it was observed more accuracy obtained using a single parameter as compared with that moisture measurement. Conclusion the model which is developed can evaluated with in performance the moisture content a commercial moisture meter which is expected

Induction of Hemeoxygenase-1 Reduces Renal Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetic Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The renoprotective mechanisms of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) in diabetic nephropathy remain to be investigated. We hypothesize that HO-1 protects the kidney from diabetic insult via lowering renal oxidative stress and inflammation. We used control and diabetic SHR with or without HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) treatment for 6 weeks. Urinary albumin excretion levels were significantly elevated in diabetic SHR compared to control and CoPP significantly attenuated albumin excretion. Immuno-histochemical analysis revealed an elevation in TGF-β staining together with increased urinary collagen excretion in diabetic versus control SHR, both of which were reduced with CoPP treatment. Renal oxidative stress markers were greater in diabetic SHR and reduced with CoPP treatment. The increase in renal oxidative stress was associated with an elevation in renal inflammation in diabetic SHR. CoPP treatment also significantly attenuated the markers of renal inflammation in diabetic SHR. In vitro inhibition of HO with stannous mesoporphyrin (SnMP) increased glomerular NADPH oxidase activity and inflammation and blocked the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of CoPP. These data suggest that the reduction of renal injury in diabetic SHR upon induction of HO-1 are associated with decreased renal oxidative stress and inflammation, implicating the role of HO-1 induction as a future treatment of diabetic nephropathy

Milking Characteristics of Istrian and Littoral Dinaric Donkey Breeds

Istrian and Littoral Dinaric donkey are autochthonous breeds which habitat primarily in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. During the second half of the 20th century they have lost primary function as working animals, which led to breeds suppression. Nowadays these two breeds are in the status of endangered ones. One of the possibilities for their economic re-affirmation is launching the program for production and processing donkey’s milk. The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of milk production of Istrian and Littoral Dinaric jennies in terms of quantity and chemical composition. Istrian jennies produce 745.4 mL/milking while Littoral Dinaric produce 317.8 mL/milking. Milk form Littoral Dinaric jennies contained a significantly higher proportion of milk fat and proteins. There were no significant differences in the content of lactose, dry matter, number of somatic cells and microorganisms in milk between these two breeds. Considering the potential for milk production and milk quality, we believe that both breeds are suitable for integration in the programs for milk production, thus enabling for both population to be economically sustainable. It is necessary to develop production technology and markets, with special emphasis considering quality of donkey milk and safety of consumers

Antibacterial Potential of Novel Poly-Herbal Bio-Disinfectant

Indigenous medicinal plants like Azadirachta Indica, Mentha, Ocimum Tenuiflorum, Phyllanthus emblica and Aloe vera is traditionally used for treating different ailments in India. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. It is a vital principle in the prevention control, and reduction of any acquired infection. We aim to present the herbal preparation for human health hazard free bio disinfectant. Indigenous medicinal plants with reported effective results against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi along with least toxic impact on environment. The antimicrobial activities by agar well diffusion indicated by zone of inhibition were resulted against Escherichia coli (24 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (10 mm), Serratia marcescens (11 mm), Bacillus (20 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22mm), Salmonella typhi (15 mm). The highest potential was observed in methanolic extract as compared to aqueous extract with even concentration. The use of medicinal plants extracts in bio disinfectant spray is mainly due to the anti-allergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties are present. The antioxidant activity was linearly proportional to the concentration and the result showed that the antioxidant activity of all the extracts was found to increase in concentration with increased absorbance of the reaction mixture indicates increase in antioxidant activity. The formulation was evaluated for its physical parameters. It is sure that these ingredients on combination behave as an effective bio-disinfectant product. It can be used as a gel, liquid, spray on medical device and it also plays an important role in the production of various types of disinfectant products. Natural herbal bio disinfectants are affordable, effective and environmentally friendly

ETIOPATHOGENESIS & SHATKRIYAKALA OF MUTRAKRUCCHA (DYSURIA ): A REVIEW STUDY

Now a days, it is seems that several patients are suffering from different types of disorders of Mutravaha Srotas. So, each physician should know the details like nidana (etiological factor), samprapti (pathogenesis), lakshanas(symptoms), sadhyaa-sadhyata (prognosis), updrava(complication), chikitsa (management) of disorders. Mutrakrucha  is one of the important disease of mutravaha srotas. The word †MUTRAKRUCHA †means dysuria is a symptom of pain , discomfort ,or burning when urinating. Cause due to infection  can occure in any part of urinary tract including kidney ,ureter , bladder, urethra. burning micturation is an cardinal features.Exercises, strong potential drugs, excessive indulgence of row alcohol, Ingestionof flesh of wet landed animals & fishes, Eating again before digestion of previous food & indigestion. This factors causes dushti of mutravaha srotas are also may be considered as nidana of Mutrakrucha. Due to this causative factors the doshas get aggravated.  Mutrakrichha, the vitiated Pitta Dosha along with Vata (mainly Apana Vayu) on reaching Vasti (bladder) afflicts the Mutravaha Srotas due to which the patient feels difficulty in micturition along with symptoms like Peeta mutrata, Sarakta mutrata, Sadaha mutrata, Saruja mutrata and Muhur-muhur mutrata. The above mentioned symptomatology has close resemblance with urinary tract infections. up with urine & hence painful urination is accompanied by changes in urine flow such as dribbling , difficulty intiating flow , increased frequency or need to  urinate . Here due to influence over apana vata cited at Basti pradeha(Bladder)the pathology continues & painful urination  is caused. here. Shatkriyakala explains the pathogenesis of a disease in stages right from the incubation period to complete manifestation & later consequences of disease. Hence, I am  review this , mentioned Shatkriyakala of Mutrakrucha  which should be important to managed in early stage (sanchay avastha) and to prevent further complication