Body Relationships In An Urban Adventure Setting

This article discusses the relationships established among bodies as revealed by a specific sports practice - sports climbing. The reflections presented here are part of a broader research project, whose starting point is the Sports Climbing Group, Grupo de Escalada Esportiva (GEEU), of Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil. A socio-cultural standpoint is taken on the findings of an investigation into the area of leisure studies. In seeking to understand the interrelations between body, leisure and adventure, our focus on a sports climbing wall enabled us to reflect on the broader relationships established in contemporary society, which possess not only a character of reproduction and conservation, but also and equally one of resistance to and contestation of the predominant values. In this process of understanding, we see the climbing bodies involved in a constant dialectic. On the one hand, one sees a commercialization of the 'spirit of pleasure' or its use for the purposes of reward. On the other hand, these same bodies translate a pleasure expressed by an irrepressible desire to live by learning through activity, based on experimentation through everyday adventures fraught with calculated risks, and in which a certain sensitization is manifested, revealing knowledge of the environment as decoded through corporeal information. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.243223238Brandão, C.R., (1988) Pesquisa Participante, , (São Paulo, Brazil: Brasiliense)Bruhns, H.T., Visitando a natureza, experimentando intensidades (1998) Turismo E Meio Ambiente, , F. P. Vasconcelos (Ed.), (Fortaleza: UECE)Featherstone, M., O desmanche da cultura - Globalização, pós-modernismo e identidade (1997), Tradução de Carlos Eugênio Marcondes de Moura (São Paulo: Studio Nobel)Featherstone, M., O curso da vida: Corpo, cultura e imagens do processo de envelhecimento (1998) Textos Didáticos, , G. Debert (Ed.). 2nd edn (Campinas: IFCH, UNICAMP)Foucault, M., (1984) Microfísica Do Poder, , 4th edn (Rio de Janeiro: Graal)Geertz, C., (1989) A Interpretação Das Culturas, , (Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan)Gutierrez, G., (2002) Lazer E Prazer: Questões Metodológicas E Alternativas Políticas, , (Campinas: Autores Associados)Haraway, D., (1989) Simians, Cyborgs and Women, , (New York: Routledge)Haraway, D., Um manifesto para os cyborgs: Ciência, tecnologia e feminismo socialista na década de 80 (1994) Tendências E Impasses: O Feminismo Como Crítica Da Cultura, pp. 243-288. , H. B. Hollanda (Ed.), (Rio de Janeiro: Racco)Heller, A., The emotional division of labour between the sexes: Perspectives on feminism and socialism (1982) Thesis Eleven, 5-6, pp. 59-71Kiewa, J., Rewriting the heroic script: Relationships in rock climbing (2001) World Leisure, 43 (4), pp. 30-43Le Breton, D., (2003) Adeus Ao Corpo: Antropologia E Sociedade, , (São Paulo: Papirus)Lewis, N., The climbing body, nature and the experience of modernity (2000) Body & Society, 6 (3-4), pp. 58-80Maffesoli, M., (1995) The Time of the Tribes, , (London: Sage)Maffesoli, M., (1996) No Fundo Das Aparências, , (Petrópolis: Vozes)Magnani, J.G.C., Transformações na cultura urbana das grandes metrópoles (1999) Sociedade Global: Cultura E Religião, , A. S. Moreira (Ed.), 2nd edn (Petrópolis: Vozes)Magnani, J.G.C., Lazer, um campo interdisciplinar de pesquisa (2000) O Corpo E O Lúdico: Ciclo De Debates Lazer E Motricidade, pp. 19-33. , H. T. Bruhns & L. G. Gutierrez (Eds), (Campinas: Autores Associados, FEF/UNICAMP)Marinho, A., Bruhns, H.T., La escalada y las actividades de aventura: Realizando sueños lúcidos y lúdicos (2001) Apunts: Educación Física Y Deportes, 65, pp. 105-110. , (Barcelona: Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya)Marinho, A., Bruhns, H.T., Escalada urbana - Faces de uma identidade cultural contemporânea (2001) Revista Movimento, 7 (14), pp. 37-48. , (Rio Grande do Sul: UFRGS)Marinho, A., (2001) Da Busca Pela Natureza Aos Ambientes Artificializados: Reflexões Sobre a Escalada Esportiva, , (Dissertation), Mestrado em Faculdade de Educação Física, UNICAMP, CampinasMarinho, A., Da aceleração ao pânico de não fazer nada: Corpos aventurciros como possibilidades de resistência (2003) Turismo, Lazer E Natureza, pp. 1-28. , A. Marinho & H. T. Bruhns (Eds), (São Paulo: Manole)McDonough, R.Y., Harrison, R., Patriarchy and relations of production (1978) Feminism and Materialism: Women and Modes of Production, pp. 11-41. , A. Kuhn & Y. A. M. Wolpe (Eds), (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul)Sant'Anna, D.B., Corpo e história (1993) Cadernos De Subjetividade, 1 (1), pp. 243-266. , (São Paulo)Sant'Anna, D.B., O corpo entre antigas referências e novos desafios (1997) Cadernos De Subjetividade, 5 (2), pp. 275-284. , (São Paulo)Sant'Anna, D.B., Entre o corpo e a técnica: Antigas e novas concepções (2000) Motrivivência, 11 (15), pp. 13-24Santos, M., (1997) A Natureza Do Espaço - Técnica E Tempo, Razão E Emoção, , (São Paulo: Hucitec)Simmel, G., The adventurer (1971) Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, , D. L. Levine (Ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)Simmel, G., Sociability (1971) Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, , D. L. Levine (Ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)Turner, B.S., (1989) El Cuerpo Y La Sociedad - Exploraciones En La Teoria Social, , (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica)Revista (2000) Veja, 1580, pp. 84-90. , Veja 12 JanuaryUrry, J., (1996) O Olhar Do Turista - Lazer E Viagens Nas Sociedades Contemporâneas, , (São Paulo: SESC/Studio Nobel)Villaça, N., Góes, F., (1998) Em Name Do Corpo, , (Rio de Janeiro: Rocco

Activatory and inhibitory Fcy receptors augment rituximab-mediated internalization of CD20 independent of signaling via the cytoplasmic domain

Type I anti-CD20 mAb such as rituximab and ofatumumab engage with the inhibitory Fc?R, Fc?RIIb on the surface of B cells, resulting in immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) phosphorylation. Internalization of the CD20·mAb·Fc?RIIb complex follows, the rate of which correlates with Fc?RIIb expression. In contrast, although type II anti-CD20 mAb such as tositumomab and obinutuzumab also interact with and activate Fc?RIIb, this interaction fails to augment the rate of CD20·mAb internalization, raising the question of whether ITIM phosphorylation plays any role in this process. We have assessed the molecular requirements for the internalization process and demonstrate that in contrast to internalization of IgG immune complexes, Fc?RIIb-augmented internalization of rituximab-ligated CD20 occurs independently of the Fc?RIIb ITIM, indicating that signaling downstream of Fc?RIIb is not required. In transfected cells, activatory Fc?RI, Fc?RIIa, and Fc?RIIIa augmented internalization of rituximab-ligated CD20 in a similar manner. However, Fc?RIIa mediated a slower rate of internalization than cells expressing equivalent levels of the highly homologous Fc?RIIb. The difference was maintained in cells expressing Fc?RIIa and Fc?RIIb lacking cytoplasmic domains and in which the transmembrane domains had been exchanged. This difference may be due to increased degradation of Fc?RIIa, which traffics to lysosomes independently of rituximab. We conclude that the cytoplasmic domain of Fc?R is not required for promoting internalization of rituximab-ligated CD20. Instead, we propose that Fc?R provides a structural role in augmenting endocytosis that differs from that employed during the endocytosis of immune complexes