Tinnitus handicap inventory: cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese

BACKGROUND: tinnitus can cause damage to the life quality of patients. The assessment of to what extent a patient's quality of life has been affected by tinnitus can be useful to understand the limitations imposed by this symptom. Also it can be useful for therapeutic programming and for the verification of therapy effectiveness (pre and post treatment evaluation). AIM: to culturally adapt the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), to use it with the Brazilian population and to evaluate its reproducibility. METHOD: the cultural adaptation of the THI (Newman et al., 1996) followed the steps indicated by Guillemin et al., (1993), which include the translation from English to Portuguese, linguistic adaptation and revision of the grammatical and idiomatic equivalences. Assessment of inter and intra-researcher reproducibility of results was also made. Participants of this study were thirty patients (19 females, 63,3% and 11 males, 36,7%) with tinnitus from an otoneurology specialized ambulatory, with ages between 39 and 79 years. RESULTS: the THI was adapted in order to be used with the Brazilian population and was named Brazilian Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. There was no statistically significant difference regarding inter and intra-researcher reproducibility of the results when using the Brazilian version of the questionnaire. A decline in the quality of life regarding emotional, functional and/or catastrophic aspects was observed for all of the assessed patients. CONCLUSION: the THI was translated and culturally adapted in order to be used with the Brazilian population, demonstrating to be a reliable instrument to verify the damage caused by tinnitus in the quality of life of individuals.TEMA: o zumbido pode provocar muitos prejuízos na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A avaliação de quanto a qualidade de vida é prejudicada pelo zumbido pode ser útil para o melhor conhecimento do paciente em relação às limitações impostas por este sintoma, a programação terapêutica e a verificação da eficácia terapêutica, quando aplicado antes e após o tratamento. OBJETIVO: adaptar culturalmente o Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) para aplicação na população brasileira e avaliar a sua reprodutibilidade. MÉTODO: a adaptação cultural do THI (Newman et al., 1996) seguiu as etapas indicadas por Guillemin et al. (1993), que incluem a tradução do idioma Inglês para o Português, adaptação lingüística e revisão das equivalências gramatical e idiomática. Realizou-se, também, a avaliação das reprodutibilidades inter e intra-pesquisadores deste questionário. Participaram 30 pacientes com zumbido, dos sexos feminino 19 (63,3%) ou masculino 11 (36,7%), com idade entre 39 e 79 anos (média 56,8 anos), encaminhados a partir de ambulatório específico em otoneurologia. RESULTADOS: o THI foi adaptado para ser aplicado na população brasileira, denominado THI Brasileiro. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante quanto à reprodutibilidade inter-pesquisadores nos resultados obtidos à aplicação da versão brasileira deste questionário, bem como da reprodutibilidade intra-pesquisadores. Verificou-se prejuízo da qualidade de vida em relação aos aspectos emocionais, funcionais e/ou catastróficos em todos os pacientes avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: o THI foi traduzido e adaptado culturalmente para ser aplicado na população brasileira, mostrando-se um instrumento confiável para verificação do prejuízo causado pelo zumbido na qualidade de vida.Irmandade de Misericórdia da Santa Casa de São PauloUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Setor de Reabilitação Vestibular da Disciplina de OtoneurologiaEscola Paulista de MedicinaUNIFESP Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e PescoçoInstituto de Psicologia da USPUNIFESP Disciplina de Otoneurologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e PescoçoUNIFESP, Setor de Reabilitação Vestibular da Disciplina de OtoneurologiaEscola Paulista de MedicinaUNIFESP, Depto. de Otorrinolaringologia e Depto. de Cirurgia de Cabeça e PescoçoUNIFESP, Disciplina de Otoneurologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e PescoçoSciEL

Collateral branches of the aortic arch of Callithrix penicillata (É Geoffroy, 1812) (Primates, Cebidae)

Callithrix penicillata is a non-human primate endemic to Brazil. It is widely used in biomedical studies; however, little is known about the anatomy of this species, including the vascular aspects. Therefore, this work describes the aortic arch of this species, in order to corroborate comparative studies and hemodynamic tests for experimental models. Five C. penicillata were evaluated, which presented two distinct types of aortic arch angioarchitecture, one commonly found in other mammals, and another similar to Saguinus niger, suggesting that this pattern may be related to the fact of both species belong to the family Callithrichidae

Descrição morfológica dos ramos colaterais da aorta abdominal do tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla)

Tamandua tetradactyla, Xenarthra, é uma espécie nativa da América do Sul que, devido aos poucos estudos acerca de sua biologia, ainda apresenta vários aspectos desconhecidos em sua morfologia. Tendo em vista a importância de dados morfológicos para diversos estudos, objetivou-se elucidar a ramificação da aorta abdominal dessa espécie para subsidiar a realização de futuros estudos. Para tal, foram utilizados quatro espécimes, sendo dois machos e duas fêmeas, todos jovens, provenientes da área de Mina Bauxita - Paragominas-PA, doados após morte por atropelamento ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA) da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex contrastado e os animais fixados com solução de formol (10%), sendo posteriormente dissecado, para evidenciar a aorta abdominal e seus ramos colaterais. Os ramos parietais eram constituídos por um par de artérias frênicas caudais, dois pares de artérias intercostais e três pares de artérias lombares. Dentre os ramos viscerais, destacaram-se: artéria celíaca; artéria mesentérica cranial; artérias adrenais; artérias renais; artéria mesentérica caudal; e artérias ilíacas externas, internas e sacral mediana, que se formaram a partir da porção final da aorta abdominal. As artérias testiculares e ováricas tiveram origem nas artérias renais, divergindo daquilo descrito em diversas espécies

Comparative Myology of the Forelimb in Capuchin and Night Monkeys

Background: The capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) and the night monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) are primates with broad distribution in South America. Sapajus apella is best-studied species in the genus Cebus, and is commonly found in captivity in parks, zoos, and sorting centers in Brazil. Species in the genus Aotus have a primitive appearance with large eye sockets, and their nocturnal habits are unique among the apes today. Because these two species belong to the same order, they have similar morphological characteristics. In this work, we conduct a comparative study of the forelimb musculature between these two species to produce data for use in veterinary procedures.Materials, Methods & Results: Three capuchin monkey and three night monkey specimens were used, two females and one male for each species. Specimens were acquired from the National Center for Primates under approval from the Animal Research (CEPAN/IEC/SVS/MS) No. 008/2010. Specimens were frozen and donated after death by natural causes to the LaPMA (Animal Morphology Research Laboratory) at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA). After being thawed in running water, the animals were fixed by intramuscular injection with 10% formaldehyde in aqueous solution and dissected to display thoracic limb muscle groups. Dissections were performed using basic instrumentation by creating a medial incision from the carpal region to the axillary region. After incision, the skin was folded and muscles were separated in order to identify muscle groups. The nomenclature adopted was based on the veterinary anatomy, and books about human anatomy for comparison of forearm muscles. The muscles that compound the shoulder was the supraspinal and infra-spinal. The arm was composed by the teres major and minor, the triceps brachii (long head, lateral head, and medial head), brachialis, biceps brachii, tensor muscle of the antebrachial fascia, coracobrachialis, and anconeous. The forearm included the extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorus, extensor digiti minimum, extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor pollicis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and brachioradialis muscles. In general, the two species have the same muscle groups, except for the absence of the teres minor and brachioradialis in Capuchin monkey, and the absence of the long head of the triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis brevis at night monkey.Discussion: The forelimb musculature in the capuchin and night monkey is similar that described in the literature for both domestic and wild species such as coati, paca, and bush dogs, with little variation among the studied species. Regarding the muscles of the forearm, the capuchin monkey and the night monkey have muscular anatomy similar to that of humans, with some variations. The anatomical variations in common traits do not impede function. Interspecific variation is a common occurrence in nature, and can be explained by species divergence which occurs over many years, for various reasons. Knowledge of the comparative miology of the capuchin monkey and the night monkey is still nascent, thus future research is needed to better understand the structure of these animals, which can then serve as a basis for studies of other ethological aspects of the species biology

Detection of periodontal pathogens in mothers of preterm birth and/or low weight

The present study aims to estimate the possible relationship between periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity and the birth of Preterm Birth (PTB) and/or Low Birth Weight (LBW). It?s a case- control study with the subgengival biofilm samples were collected from four sites up deeper until 48 hours postpartum and were processes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for presence the periodontal pathogens Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Treponema denticola (Td),  Tannerella forsythia (Tf) e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). The mothers were divided into case grup (babies weighing < 2500g and/or gestational age < 37 weeks) and control group (babies weighing ? 2500g and gestational age ? 37 weeks). Chi-square test and the measure of association obtained by Odds Ratio (OR) were used to estimate the association between the variables. Microbial analyses results showed no significant association between PTB and LBW with most periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity, even with association with the clinical presence of periodontitis. given the high presence of periodontal pathogens in the biofilm subgengival of recent mothers, it is suggested that the findings of this research serve as the basis for future studies on the pathophysiology involved in the relationship between periodontitis and PTB and/or LBW

Biopsia do cório fetal em cães

With the great development of the gestational studies in all of the species, we noticed the necessity of adaptations of these techniques for prenatal diagnosis in dogs. Based on this, we studied the feasibility of chorion biopsy guided by ultrasound. Our results demonstrated accuracy on the sex determination being 2 males and 12 females, as well as it would be possible to identify chromosome alteration due to the quality of samplings. Sex determination was accomplished with the identification of Y gene chromosomes in PCR technique. After the collection, fragments were prepared for light microscopy studies and revealed fetal chorion tissue, blood colloid and erythrocyte. In the whole material we found hemosiderin impregnations due to the hemolysis and to the residue of blood of the placental marginal hematomes. The submitted female dogs to this technique demonstrated normal puppy births without death.Com o grande desenvolvimento dos estudos gestacionais em todas as espécies, percebemos a necessidade de adaptarmos técnicas para diagnóstico pré-natal para cães. Assim, buscamos bases nas técnicas já existentes empregadas em humanos, e através destas, conseguimos estabelecer um método para coleta em cães, utilizando PCR para garantirmos a integridade das amostras. O procedimento foi realizado através de punção da cinta placentária com agulha de biopsia guiada por ultra-som. De todas as 14 amostras coletadas, duas apresentaram-se positivas para o cromossomo Y, presente apenas em machos, confirmando assim a viabilidade das amostras demonstrando com isso que através desta técnica podemos coletar material fetal para diagnóstico de alterações gênicas ou cromossômicas presentes nos cães antes mesmo destes virem a termo. A microscopia de material revelou fragmentos de cório fetal, colóide sangüíneo e eritrócitos. Em todo o material encontramos impregnações de hemosiderina devido à hemólise e ao resíduo de sangue dos hematomas marginais placentários. As cadelas submetidas a esta técnica tiveram partos normais sem óbito de nenhum filhote.FAPES

Aspectos Morfológicos do cordão umbilical de búfalos (Bubalus bubalis)

Buffalo is an important livestock resource, with a great participation in agricultural systems, providing milk, meat, and work power. Umbilical cord is responsible for maternal-fetal nutrients exchange during pregnancy, and its alterations can compromise the fetal development. We investigated ten pregnant uteruses collected from cross-bread buffaloes in different stages of gestation. Pregnancy and fetal age was determined by measuring the apex sacral length and development period was calculated by previously published formula. Umbilical cords were measured for length determination. Umbilical cord vascular net and anastomosis were observed by injection of Neoprene latex. Histological sections of the umbilical cord were studied after stain with HE, picrossirius, toluidine blue, orceine, and PAS reaction. Buffaloes' umbilical cord was formed by two central arteries, an allantois duct and two peripheral veins. The artery wall was composed by large quantity of collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts and large number of vasa vasorum. The allantois duct was located between the arteries and presented a great number of small nourishing vessels. Small nourishing vessels should be carefully considered to avoid to be mistaken to the arterials and veins vasa vasorum. Medium length of umbilical cord from buffalos was 11.8cm (minimum of 6.8cm and maximum of 17.4cm).Búfalo é uma importante fonte de recurso nos rebanhos animais, apresentando uma grande participação na agropecuária, provendo leite, carne e força de trabalho. O Cordão umbilical é responsável pela troca de nutrientes materno-fetais durante a gestação, e suas alterações podem comprometer o desenvolvimento fetal. Nós investigamos dez úteros gravídicos de búfalos de raças cruzadas em fases diferentes de gestação. O período de gestação e a idade fetal foram determinados pelo comprimento ápice sacral, aplicando fórmulas previamente estabelecidas. Posteriormente mediu-se o comprimento do cordão umbilical. A rede vascular do cordão umbilical e anastomoses foram observadas por injeção ou látex de neoprene. O cordão umbilical foi estudado a partir de cortes histológicos, corados por HE, picrossirius, azul de Toluidina, orceína e reação histoquímica de PAS. O cordão umbilical de búfalos é formado por duas artérias centrais, ducto alantóide e duas veias periféricas e apresentam forma de ampulheta. A parede da artéria umbilical é composta por grande quantidade de fibras colágenas e elásticas, fibroblastos e um grande número de vasa vasorum. O ducto alantóide fica alocado entre as artérias e apresenta um grande número de pequenos vasos nutritivos. Os vasos nutritivos devem ser cuidadosamente identificados para evitar-se confundi-los com vasa vasorum. O comprimento médio do cabo de cordão umbilical dos búfalos era 11.8cm (mínimo de 6.8cm e máximo de 17.4cm)

Morphology of the Stomach of Tayra (Eira barbara)

Background: The Tayra (Eira barbara) is a mammal of the family Mustelidae with a significant presence in Latin America, it is considered an opportunist and extremely agile omnivorous. Some organs compose the digestive system and the stomach is a substantial organ for this system. The stomach have a small and a large curvature and the regions of the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus. Histologically, the stomach is made up of four layers or tunics that contributes in digestive functions.  However, due the limited information available in the literature about morphophysiology of wildlife, this study aimed to clarify the morphology of Eira barbara stomach to understand your digestive system.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Three males and three females of Eira barbara species were studied (all young adults), all samples were originated of the Bauxite Mine area, in Paragominas, Pará state, Brazil provided of donation to Morphological Animal Research Laboratory (LaPMa) of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia (UFRA), after death by trampling. The corpses were treated with aqueous 10% formaldehyde solution intramuscular injections, subcutaneous and intracavitary. After dissection, the collected material was processed following histologic standard protocols for the subsequent preparation of slides. The studied animals showed the stomach on the left antimere the abdominal cavity, with saccular format with the presence of large and small curvatures. The organ showed composite mucosa made with various gastric folds distributed in regions of the cardia, fundus and pylorus. A microscopic analysis of Eira barbara stomach revealed the presence of tunics or layers which gradually invaginate the lumen of the organ and underlying lamina propria was located to the prismatic epithelium and muscular mucosae and mucosa itself. In the region of the cardia, the muscle layer was deeply situated on the lamina propria, consisting of smooth muscle tissue with circular and longitudinal fibers. The submucosa consists of loose connective tissue; it is much thicker than the lamina propria and has many vessels. The first portion of the stomach showed long glands, while with short pits. In light microscopy, the fundic region revealed the presence of a highly pleated epithelium with elongated glands composed of clear and basally placed cells, with flattened nuclei. These cells are named mucous. Along the short region of the gastric pits, the presence of large cells was reported, pyramidal or rounded, central nucleus, called parietal. The pyloric region microscopy revealed the presence of short glands, similar to those previously described in the cardia region. The wide presence of goblet cells in the final portion of the pylorus indicated gradual transition between the regions of the stomach to the intestine, called duodenum-pylorus transition. The muscular layer showed thick muscle bundles just in circular direction, being responsible for the formation of the pyloric sphincter.Discussion: The morphological analysis of the stomachs showed morphological and topographical similarities to the literature description for pets and wild mammals, however, were found in abundant quantities goblet cells in the transition duodenal pylorus. The goblet cells are located throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus synthesizing as glycoproteins known as mucins

Topografia do cone medular do cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus, 1766): relato de caso

O cachorro-do-mato é o canídeo mais comum do continente sul-americano. De modo geral, tem sua dieta variada conforme a época do ano e a região habitada, o que permite a este uma ampla distribuição geográfica. Junto ao interesse na anatomia comparativa objetivou-se descrever a topografia do cone medular do cachorro-do-mato com intuito de oferecer informações que possam dar subsídios para a prática de anestesia epidural, cuja eficiência depende do conhecimento da anatomia desta região. Foi utilizado um exemplar, macho, adulto, proveniente da Mina de Bauxita - Paragominas-PA, o qual foi dissecado na região lombo-sacral. O cone medular do cachorro-do-mato apresentou base ao nível de L6 e ápice em S3, apresentando comprimento de 10,13cm. Concluímos que a região sacrococcígea é a mais indicada para a anestesia epidural, considerando que o exemplar em estudo apresentou nove vértebras lombares e quatro vértebras sacrais

OCORRÊNCIA DE Paraleiuris locchii E Paraleiuris vazi EM Bradypus variegatus NO ESTADO DO PARÁ, BRASIL

Sloths act as hosts for several parasites, but for nematodes there are few taxonomic studies of this community. Thus, the objective of this work is to add morphological and morphometric data to the parasitic nematodes of Bradypus variegatus stomach in Pará State. The stomach and intestine were analyzed in seven specimes of B. variegatus, the recovered nematodes were fixed, clarified and analyzed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Only the stomach of five specimes of B. variegatus were parasitized by nematodes, which morphologically and morphometrically were similar to the genus Paraleuiris and the species P. locchii and P. vazi, both already reported parasitizing mammals in Brazil. Although not the first occurrence of these nematodes in sloths, this paper describes for the first time the occurrence of P. vazi in B. variegatus in Brazil and P. locchii in the State of Pará, thus expanding the biogeographic distribution of both species.Keywords: Nematoda; parasite; mammals; Bradypodidae; Amazon. As preguiças atuam como hospedeiros de diversos parasitos, porém para os nematódeos há poucos estudos taxonômicos dessa comunidade. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é adicionar dados morfológicos e morfométricos aos nematódeos parasitos do estômago de Bradypus variegatus, no Estado do Pará. Foram analisados estômago e intestino de sete exemplares de B. variegatus. Os nematódeos recuperados foram fixados, clarificados e analisados em microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Apenas o estômago de cinco exemplares de B. variegatus estavam parasitados por nematódeos, que morfologicamente e morfometricamente apresentavam similaridade ao gênero Paraleuiris e as espécies P. locchii e P. vazi, ambas já relatadas parasitando mamíferos no Brasil. Embora não seja a primeira ocorrência desses nematódeos em preguiças, este trabalho descreve pela primeira vez a ocorrência de P. vazi em B. variegatus no Brasil e de P. locchii no Estado do Pará, ampliando assim a distribuição geográfica das duas espécies.Palavras-chave: Nematode, parasito, mamíferos, Bradypodidae, Amazônia