Enteric Nervous System: a Review

DergiPark: 379003tmsjEnteric nervous system directs and regulates the breakdown, absorption and elimination of food in our digestive system. However, alongside its digestive functions, enteric nervous system has also gained importance because of the discovery of its bidirectional link with intestinal flora, which has recently started to be considered as a separate organ in addiction to its digestive functions. Enteric nervous system contains approximately 100 million nerve cells, operates both independently and in coordination with the central nervous system, interacts with many neurotransmitters and is related to many conditions and structures such as the intestinal flora, mood, immune system and the efficiency of food utilization. It has a clinical importance on account of the diseases it is associated with. Recent studies focus on the connections between the intestinal flora, enteric nervous system and mechanisms of disease development. In order to understand these studies and pathological mechanisms it is essential to know the structure, connections and functioning of enteric nervous system. Considering these, we addressed the enteric nervous system and its communications with other structures of the digestive syste

Genç erişkinlerde günlük aktivite sırasında yapılan bazı hareketlerin kinetik analizi Kinetic analysis of some movements performed during daily activities of young adults

Genç eriskinlerde günlük yasam sırasında sık yapılan bazı hareketler sırasında maruz kalınan Yer Tepkime Kuvvetlerini ölçmek ve analizlerini yapmak amacıyla gerçeklestirdigimiz çalısmamıza, Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi ögrencisi, 18?23 yas grubunda 15 kadın ve 15 erkek, toplam 30 gönüllü katıldı. Çalısmamızda Yer Tepkime Kuvvetlerini ölçebilmek için Trakya Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Anatomi Anabilim Dalındaki ?Hareket Analiz Laboratuarı?nda bulunan ?Zebris Kuvvet Ölçüm Sistemi? kullanıldı. Ölçümlerimiz sonucunda düz zeminde yürüme, engel geçme, kaldırıma çıkma, merdiven çıkma ve merdiven inme sırasında maruz kalınan Yer Tepkime Kuvvetlerinde farklılıklar tespit edildi. Bu farklar testler, cinsiyetler ve ekstremiteler arasındaydı. Merdiven çıkma ve inme sırasında da basamaklar arasında farklar tespit edildi. Tespit edilen degerler literatürdeki çalısmaların sonuçları ile karsılastırıldıgında, aralarında benzerlikler ve farklar gözlendi. Gözlenen bu farkların yöntemsel farklar, ölçümlerde kullanılan cihaz farklılıkları, denekler arasındaki yas grubu farklılıkları ile ölçüm yapılan deneklerin antropolojik, cografik ve günlük aktivite farklarından kaynaklandıgı görüsü benimsendi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yer Tepkime Kuvveti, yürüme analizi, merdiven, engelThirty (15 males, 15 females) volunteers between ages of 18 and 23 who study at Trakya University Faculty of Medicine participated in our study that we made to measure and analyze the ground reaction forces (GRF) exposed on young adults during performing some daily activities. The ?Zebris Force Measurement System? in ?Motion Analysis Laboratory? of Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy used for measuring the GRF. Differences found in GRF values measured during level walking, obstacle crossing, stepping on a paving stone, stair ascent and stair descent. These differences are between tests, genders and extremities. Differences between steps during stair ascent and descent also found. Similarities and differences found when our findings compared with the other studies in literature. Our common thought for the causes of differences is the method, the device used, age differences among volunteers, anthropological, geographical and daily activity differences between the measured groups. Keywords: Ground Reaction Force, gait analysis, stairs, obstacl

The infra-optic course of the anterior cerebral arteries: an anatomical case report

WOS: 000264794000011PubMed: 18791653

3D Motion Analysis of Hip, Knee and Ankle Joints of Children Aged Between 7-11 Years During Gait

Objective: The purpose of this study is to constitute a normative walking kinematic database and to investigate the differences between 7-11 aged children and between the left and right sides of those age groups.Materials and Methods: Fifty children between the 7 and 11 years old (10 from each age group) participated in this study. The measurements were made with Zebris© CMS 70 P 3D motion analysis system. Flexion- extension, abduction-adduction angles of the hip joint, the flexion-extension of the knee and ankle joints and foot rotations for each age group for both sides were recorded. Results: Even all the groups’ gait patterns were similar with the literature, 9 years old group has lower knee flexion and higher ankle extensions (p<0.05). Eight and 9 years old groups have higher maximum ankle extension values when compared with the other age groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: Kinematic analysis results of 7 to 11 years old children suggests adult-like gait patterns especially for the hip and knee. These findings stress the importance of age-matched normative data for the kinematic gait analysis