Cell to Cell Variability of Radiation-Induced Foci : relation between Observed Damage and Energy Deposition

Most studies that aim to understand the interactions between different types of photon radiation and cellular DNA assume homogeneous cell irradiation, with all cells receiving the same amount of energy. The level of DNA damage is therefore generally determined by averaging it over the entire population of exposed cells. However, evaluating the molecular consequences of a stochastic phenomenon such as energy deposition of ionizing radiation by measuring only an average effect may not be sufficient for understanding some aspects of the cellular response to this radiation. The variance among the cells associated with this average effect may also be important for the behaviour of irradiated tissue. In this study, we accurately estimated the distribution of the number of radiation-induced γH2AX foci (RIF) per cell nucleus in a large population of endothelial cells exposed to 3 macroscopic doses of gamma rays from 60Co. The number of RIF varied significantly and reproducibly from cell to cell, with its relative standard deviation ranging from 36% to 18% depending on the macroscopic dose delivered. Interestingly, this relative cell-to-cell variability increased as the dose decreased, contrary to the mean RIF count per cell. This result shows that the dose effect, in terms of the number of DNA lesions indicated by RIF is not as simple as a purely proportional relation in which relative SD is constant with dose. To analyse the origins of this observed variability, we calculated the spread of the specific energy distribution for the different target volumes and subvolumes in which RIF can be generated. Variances, standard deviations and relative standard deviations all changed similarly from dose to dose for biological and calculated microdosimetric values. This similarity is an important argument that supports the hypothesis of the conservation of the association between the number of RIF per nucleus and the specific energy per DNA molecule. This comparison allowed us to calculate a volume of 1.6 μm3 for which the spread of the specific energy distribution could explain the entire variability of RIF counts per cell in an exposed cell population. The definition of this volume may allow to use a microdosimetric quantity to predict heterogeneity in DNA damage. Moreover, this value is consistent with the order of magnitude of the volume occupied by the hydrated sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule, which is the part of the DNA molecule responsible for strand breaks

A putative mechanism of the Sodium/Iodide Symporter regulation during repetitive administration of stable Iodide described by a Systems Biology approach

A single dose of potassium iodide (KI) against a prolonged exposure to repeated radioactivity might not be effective enough to protect the thyroid. Our group have shown that a repetitive dose of KI for eight days offers efficient protection without adverse effects in male rats [1]

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells improve the healing of colonic anastomoses following high dose of irradiation through anti-inflammatory and angiogenic processes

Cancer patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) could develop severe late side effects that affect their quality of life. Long-term bowel complications after RT are mainly characterized by a transmural fibrosis that could lead to intestinal obstruction. Today, surgical resection is the only effective treatment. However, preoperative RT increases the risk of anastomotic leakage. In this study, we attempted to use mesenchymal stromal cells from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs) to improve colonic anastomosis after high-dose irradiation. MSCs were isolated from the subcutaneous fat of rats, amplified in vitro, and characterized by flow cytometry. An animal model of late radiation side effects was induced by local irradiation of the colon. Colonic anastomosis was performed 4 wk after irradiation. It was analyzed another 4 wk later (i.e., 8 wk after irradiation). The Ad-MSC-treated group received injections several times before and after the surgical procedure. The therapeutic benefit of the Ad-MSC treatment was determined by colonoscopy and histology. The inflammatory process was investigated using Fluorine-182-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography (F-18-FDG-PET/CT) imaging and macrophage infiltrate analyses. Vascular density was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results show that Ad-MSC treatment reduces ulcer size, increases mucosal vascular density, and limits hemorrhage. We also determined that 1 Ad-MSC injection limits the inflammatory process, as evaluated through F-18-FDG-PET-CT (at 4 wk), with a greater proportion of type 2 macrophages after iterative cell injections (8 wk). In conclusion, Ad-MSC injections promote anastomotic healing in an irradiated colon through enhanced vessel formation and reduced inflammation. This study also determined parameters that could be improved in further investigations

Early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity after radiation therapy for breast cancer: the BACCARAT prospective cohort study

International audienceBackground Radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer presents a benefit in terms of reducing local recurrence and deaths resulting from breast cancer but it can lead to secondary effects due to the presence of neighboring cardiac normal tissues within the irradiation field. Breast RT has been shown to be associated with long-term increased risk of heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and finally cardiovascular death more than 10 years after RT. However, there is still a lack of knowledge for early cardiotoxicity induced by breast RT that can appear long before the onset of clinically significant cardiac events. Based on a 2-year follow-up prospective cohort of patients treated with breast RT, the BACCARAT (BreAst Cancer and CArdiotoxicity Induced by RAdioTherapy) study aims to enhance knowledge on detection and prediction of early subclinical cardiac dysfunction and lesions induced by breast RT and on biological mechanisms potentially involved, based on functional and anatomical cardiac imaging combined with simultaneous assessment of multiple circulating biomarkers and accurate heart dosimetry. Methods/Design BACCARAT study consists in a monocentric prospective cohort study that will finally include 120 women treated with adjuvant 3D CRT for breast cancer, and followed for 2 years after RT. Women aged 50 to 70 years, treated for breast cancer and for whom adjuvant 3D CRT is indicated, without chemotherapy are eligible for the study. Baseline (before RT) and follow-up data include measurements of functional myocardial dysfunction including strain and strain rate based on 2D-speckle tracking echocardiography, anatomical coronary lesions including description of plaques in segments of coronary arteries based on Coronary computed tomography angiography, and a wide panel of circulating biomarkers. The absorbed dose is evaluated for the whole heart and its substructures, in particular the coronary arteries. Analysis on occurrence and evolution of subclinical cardiac lesions and biomarkers will be performed and completed with dose-response relationship. Multivariate model of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) will also be proposed. Discussion Tools and results developed in the BACCARAT study should allow improving prediction and prevention of potential lesions to cardiac normal tissues surrounding tumors and ultimately enhance patients' care and quality of life. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02605512. © 2016 Jacob et al

The TGF-β/Smad Repressor TG-Interacting Factor 1 (TGIF1) Plays a Role in Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury Independently of a Smad Signaling Pathway

Despite advances in radiation delivery protocols, exposure of normal tissues during the course of radiation therapy remains a limiting factor of cancer treatment. If the canonical TGF-β/Smad pathway has been extensively studied and implicated in the development of radiation damage in various organs, the precise modalities of its activation following radiation exposure remain elusive. In the present study, we hypothesized that TGF-β1 signaling and target genes expression may depend on radiation-induced modifications in Smad transcriptional co-repressors/inhibitors expressions (TGIF1, SnoN, Ski and Smad7). In endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in a model of experimental radiation enteropathy in mice, radiation exposure increases expression of TGF-β/Smad pathway and of its target gene PAI-1, together with the overexpression of Smad co-repressor TGIF1. In mice, TGIF1 deficiency is not associated with changes in the expression of radiation-induced TGF-β pathway-related transcripts following localized small intestinal irradiation. In HUVECs, TGIF1 overexpression or silencing has no influence either on the radiation-induced Smad activation or the Smad3-dependent PAI-1 overexpression. However, TGIF1 genetic deficiency sensitizes mice to radiation-induced intestinal damage after total body or localized small intestinal radiation exposure, demonstrating that TGIF1 plays a role in radiation-induced intestinal injury. In conclusion, the TGF-β/Smad co-repressor TGIF1 plays a role in radiation-induced normal tissue damage by a Smad-independent mechanism

Caractérisation et modulation pharmacologique de l'inflammation intestinale induite par les rayonnements ionisants

The use of radiotherapy to treat abdominal and pelvic malignancies often causes early side-effects which are due to intestinal mucosal damage, involving in part inflammatory processes, on healthy intestinal tissues. With a rat model of colorectal fractionated radiation, we have shown a gradual development of a colonic inflammation during radiation planning, and this, without evident tissue injury. An abdominal radiation in the rat induces an ileum inflammation and an immune imbalance resulting in a Th2-type profile. The treatment of rats with an immunomodulator compound, the caffeic acid phenetyl ester, has the potential to reduce ileal mucosal inflammation and also to inhibit the radio-induced Th2 status. We have also demonstrated that the prophylactic treatment with a PPAR ligand, the 5-aminosalicylic acid, limits the radio-induced acute inflammation of colon mucosa.La radiothérapie des tumeurs abdomino-pelviennes entraîne souvent des effets secondaires précoces dus à des dommages muqueux intestinaux auxquels participe l'inflammation, au niveau de tissus sains. A partir d'un modèle rat d'irradiation colorectale fractionnée, nous avons montré la mise en place progressive d'une inflammation colique au cours du protocole, en absence de lésions tissulaires patentes. Par irradiation unique abdominale, l'inflammation de la muqueuse iléale est associée à un déséquilibre de la balance immunitaire Th1/Th2 en faveur d'un profil de type 2. L'administration aux rats d'un immunomodulateur, l'ester de phénetyl acide caféique, limite l'inflammation radio-induite et l'établissement radio-induit du profil Th2. D'autre part, nous avons démontré que le traitement prophylactique de rats irradiés au niveau de l'abdomen à l'aide d'un ligand agoniste de PPAR , l'acide 5-aminosalicylique, atténue le développement d'une inflammation colique radio-induite.VERSAILLES-BU Sciences et IUT (786462101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Traitement des lésions colorectales radio-induites par injection de Cellules Stromales Mésenchymateuses (CSM) (implication du processus inflammatoire)

Au cours des dernières décennies, la radiothérapie s est imposée comme étant un outil majeur dans le traitement des cancers de la zone abdomino-pelvienne. Malgré les évolutions technologiques, la radiothérapie reste associée à des effets secondaires pouvant parfois être très handicapants, principalement dus à la toxicité des rayonnements ionisants pour les tissus sains entourant la tumeur. Dans le cadre des radiothérapies abdomino-pelviennes, ces effets secondaires vont majoritairement toucher le tractus gastro-intestinal, très sensible aux radiations. La mise au point de traitements curatifs est donc devenue une priorité. Les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM) ont montré leurs capacités de régénération tissulaire et d immunomodulation dans de nombreux modèles. Durant ma thèse, nous avons voulu mettre en évidence le bénéfice thérapeutique apporté par les CSM dans le traitement des lésions radio-induite, ainsi que les mécanismes sous-jacents. Nos résultats nous ont permis de démontrer l efficacité de notre traitement, avec un effet à la fois sur la structure et sur les fonctions contractiles coliques. Nous avons pu montrer que cette efficacité thérapeutique dépend de deux processus. La stimulation de la prolifération épithéliale par la voie Wnt permet ainsi d améliorer la régénération épithéliale. Une sécrétion locale accrue de corticostérone permet quant à elle de diminuer le nombre et l état d activation des lymphocytes T. Nos résultats suggèrent également l existence d un lien entre les deux phénomènes observés, donnant une nouvelle preuve des effets combinatoires de la thérapie par CSMThroughout the last decades, radiotherapy established as a major tool in the treatment of abdominopelvic cancers. Despite great technological evolutions, radiotherapy remains associated with side effects that can sometimes be really harmful, this being mainly due to the toxicity of ionizing radiations for healthy tissues surrounding the tumor. As part of abdominopelvic radiotherapies, these side effects mainly affect the gastrointestinal tract, which is very sensitive to radiations. The development of curative treatments thus became a priority. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) showed their immunomodulatory ability as well as their ability to regenerate tissue in many models. During my thesis, we aimed at giving rise to the therapeutic advantage brought by MSC in the treatment of radioinduced damage as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results allowed us to demonstrate the efficiency of our treatment with an effect both on the colic epithelial structure and on its contractile functions. We demonstrated that this therapeutical efficiency depends on two processes. Stimulation of the epithelial proliferation through the Wnt pathway allows the epithelial regeneration process to be enhanced. The increased local corticosterone secretion allows the number and the activation state of T lymphocytes to diminish. Our results moreover suggest the existence of a link between the two observed phenomenons thus providing with a new proof of the combinatory effects of MSC therapy.PARIS-BIUSJ-Biologie recherche (751052107) / SudocSudocFranceF