Factores que influyen en la dinámica de la cobertura arbórea en fincas agrícolas familiares en Costa Rica

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo con énfasis en Gestión de Recursos Naturales) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica; Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo. 2017Trees within our outside forests contribute to the survival of a large proportion of society, in particular in rural areas and for poor people, through the provision of ecosystem services. Society, however, is increasingly degrading these resources, thus reducing the resilience of natural and human systems to external shocks, such as climate events or natural and anthropogenic disasters. Although previous studies have contributed to our understanding of the causes of deforestation, and progress was made in restraining it, less success has been booked in understanding the processes that promote the restauration of such services in areas where they were degraded; other than understanding that these processes are complex. Based on research of the dynamics of trees on private farms in three agricultural areas of Costa Rica, this work aims to demonstrate that it is feasible to study this complexity and to assess which factors have influenced the adoption of conservation practices and an increase in farm xiv tree coverage (CAF). For these purposes, the authors applied a combination of the community capitals framework and appreciative inquiry approach, interviewing 210 farmers (with 163 valid responses) and working with 40% of them in 16 groups; the information was supplemented with data from population censuses and geo-spatial data, as well as an analysis of the desired future tree cover on the farm (CAF) and the factors considered important to achieve this. Of the approaches, the first allowed to take into account the different resources farmers have, showing that they consider financial capital important, but that the dynamics of tree cover on their farms is more influenced by the human, social and cultural capital. The second approach encouraged the participation of local stakeholders, helped give greater temporal dynamics to the analysis and facilitated reflection by research participants. The results of the interviews and workshops confirm that in the case of using development indicators based on these approaches and working with CAF in agricultural landscapes, the theory of forest transition also applies at the local level. It is furthermore suggested that if the process of development places greater emphasis on strengthening the social (organizational capacity, information sharing) and human capital (health, education, technical assistance), it will be more likely that development will be accompanied by a process of recovery of the CAF. The combination of these factors had a greater effect on the CAF than the 1996 Forestry Act and its program of payment for environmental services (PES), probably because the Act was originally designed to avoid deforestation, regardless of forest fragments, young secondary forests and trees outside forests. However, in the long-term, producers seek to be better off economically and seek for a tree cover that will contribute to this. In this sense, ecosystem services are recognized as important by the producers; nonetheless, this perception varies according to site, farm size, previous experience with trees on the farm, and type of service perceived. Shadow, scenic beauty and use as closure were considered important for future wellbeing. Possible implications for the implementation of strategies aimed at increasing the presence of trees on farms are discussed for Costa Rica

Buenas prácticas para el diseño e implementación de sistemas nacionales de monitoreo para la adaptación al cambio climático

6 ilustraciones, 13 tablas, 76 página

Avances en la comprensión de la transición forestal en fincas costarricenses

Este estudio evaluó cuales factores han influido la adopción de prácticas de conservación y aumento de la Cobertura Arbórea en Fincas (CAF) en tres zonas rurales de Costa Rica. Se complementó información de censos poblacionales y datos geo-espaciales con resultados de entrevistas y talleres con 163 productores, aplicando un enfoque de indagación apreciativa y el marco de capitales de la comunidad. Los resultados confirman que también utilizando indicadores de desarrollo basado en estos enfoques y trabajando con CAF en paisajes agrícolas, es válida la teoría de la transición forestal (Mather 1992). Además se sugiere que si el proceso de desarrollo pone mayor énfasis en fortalecer el capital social (capacidad de organización, intercambio de información) y humano (salud, educación, asistencia técnica), existirá mayor probabilidad que el desarrollo irá acompañado por un proceso de recuperación de la CAF. La combinación de estos factores surtió un mayor efecto sobre la CAF que la Ley Forestal de 1996 y su programa de pago por servicios ambientales (PSA).This study proposed to evaluate which factors have influenced the adoption of conservation practices and the increase of On-farm Tree Cover (OTC) in three areas of Costa Rica. We compared information from population census and geospatial data with results of interviews and workshops with 163 producers, applying the approaches of appreciative inquiry and the community capitals framework. The results confirm that using development indicators based on these approaches and working with OTC within agricultural landscapes, the Forest Transition theory (Mather 1992) also applies. In addition, our results suggest that when the development process emphasizes the strengthening of social (organizational capacity, sharing of information) and human capital (health, education, technical assistance), there is more probability that development will be accompanied by a process of recovery of the OTC in agricultural landscapes. The combination of these factors had greater effect on OTC than the Forest Law of 1996 with its payment for environmental services scheme

Climate-Smart Agriculture in Grenada

The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), and require planning to address tradeoffs and synergies between these three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1]. The priorities of different countries and stakeholders are reflected to achieve more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks. Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption. This country profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale

Forests for the New Millennium - MAKING FORESTS WORK FOR PEOPLE AND NATURE

THE WAYS IN WHICH FORESTS ARE PERCEIVED AND USED HAVE CHANGED DRAMATICALLY OVER RECENT YEARS. FORESTS ARE NO LONGER SEEN SIMPLY AS A SOURCE OF TIMBER, BUT AS COMPLEX ECOSYSTEMS WHICH SUSTAIN LIVELIHOODS AND PROVIDE A RANGE OF PRODUCTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES. IT IS NOW WIDELY RECOGNISED THAT FORESTS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION.Forest, economics, livelihoods

Des Forêts pour le Nouveau Millénaire - DES FORÊTS À GÉRER DANS L’INTÉRÊT DES GENS ET DE LA NATURE

LA FAÇON DONT LES FORÊTS SONT PERÇUES ET LEURS UTILISATIONS ONT BEAUCOUP CHANGÉ AU COURS DES DERNIÈRES ANNÉES. LES FORÊTS NE SONT PLUS CONSIDÉRÉES COMME ÉTANT UNIQUEMENT DES SOURCES DE BOIS MAIS DES ÉCOSYSTÈMES COMPLEXES QUI PERMETTENT À DES COMMUNAUTÉS DE SE DÉVELOPPER ET OFFRENT TOUTE UNE GAMME DE PRODUITS ET DE SERVICES ENVIRONNEMENTAUX. ON RECONNAÎT AUJOURD’HUI QUE LES FORÊTS PEUVENT CONTRIBUER AU DÉVELOPPEMENT RURAL ET À LA LUTTE CONTRE LA PAUVRETÉ.Forêt, économie

Bosques para el Nuevo Milenio - BOSQUES QUE BENEFICIEN A LA GENTE Y SUSTENTEN LA NATURALEZA

LAS MANERAS DE PERCIBIR Y USAR LOS BOSQUES HAN CAMBIADO DRAMÁTICAMENTE DURANTE LOS ÚLTIMOS AÑOS. YA NO SE CONSIDERA MÁS A LOS BOSQUES SÓLO COMO UNA FUENTE DE MADERA, SINO COMO ECOSISTEMAS COMPLEJOS QUE SUSTENTAN LAS FORMAS DE VIDA HUMANA Y SUMINISTRAN UNA GAMA DE PRODUCTOS Y SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES. AHORA ES AMPLIAMENTE RECONOCIDO QUE LOS BOSQUES PUEDEN CONTRIBUIR AL DESARROLLO RURAL Y AYUDAN A ALIVIAR LA POBREZA.Forest, economics, livelihoods

Implicaciones de la certificaci?n para las pr?cticas del manejo forestal en Am?rica Central

Ilus. 1 tab. 11 ref