A Proposal for a Detector 2 km Away From the T2K Neutrino Source

We propose building a detector site 2km from the neutrino production point of the the T2K experiment. At this distance, almost the same neutrino flux is measured as that seen at Super-K 295 km away. We propose to measure this flux with both a 1 kton water Cherenkov detector which has been optimized to match Super-K resolution, and a 100 ton fiducial volume liquid argon time projection chamber which will provide fine grain imaging and low particle detection thresholds for a precise study of neutrino interactions at the relevant energies. High energy muons which exit the water Cherenkov detector will be measured by an iron muon ranger. In this document, we show that combination of a detector made with the same target as Super-K, with almost the same detector response, and an extremely fine-grained tracking chamber sited in the off-axis beam, will allow us to predict the events seen at Super-K with very little correction other than that of geometric acceptance

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Mitigating skin tone bias in linear array in vivo photoacoustic imaging with short-lag spatial coherence beamforming

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has the potential to deliver non-invasive diagnostic information. However, skin tone differences bias PA target visualization, as the elevated optical absorption of melanated skin decreases optical fluence within the imaging plane and increases the presence of acoustic clutter. This paper demonstrates that short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) beamforming mitigates this bias. PA data from the forearm of 18 volunteers were acquired with 750-, 810-, and 870-nm wavelengths. Skin tones ranging from light to dark were objectively quantified using the individual typology angle (ITA°). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the radial artery (RA) and surrounding clutter were measured. Clutter was minimal (e.g., −16 dB relative to the RA) with lighter skin tones and increased to −8 dB with darker tones, which compromised RA visualization in conventional PA images. SLSC beamforming achieved a median SNR improvement of 3.8 dB, resulting in better RA visualization for all skin tones

At the crossroads: Future directions in trust research

This forum paper is intended to stimulate a debate on a fundamental conceptual issue in trust research. It argues that the dominant stream of literature focuses too much on the micro level of trust building processes and hence promotes a reductionist understanding of the phenomenon. In future trust research, it is suggested to place considerably more emphasis on the ‘constitutive’ embeddedness of actors’ behaviour in the institutional environment. The latter is shown to be conducive to overcoming the limitations of current mainstream trust research and to developing new insights into the role and functioning of trust in modern business systems

Genetic variation of the razor clam Ensis siliqua (Jeffreys, 1875) along the European coast based on random amplified polymorphic DNA markers

[Abstract] Ensis siliqua is regarded as an increasingly valuable fishery resource with potential for commercial aquaculture in many European countries. The genetic variation of this razor clam was analysed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in six populations from Spain, Portugal and Ireland. Out of the 40 primers tested, five were chosen to assess genetic variation. A total of 61 RAPD loci were developed ranging in size from 400 to 2000 bp. The percentages of polymorphic loci, the allele effective number and the genetic diversity were comparable among populations, and demonstrated a high level of genetic variability. The values of Nei's genetic distance were small among the Spanish and Portuguese populations (0.051–0.065), and high between these and the Irish populations. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses supported these findings. A mantel test performed between geographic and genetic distance matrices showed a significant correlation (r=0.84, P<0.05), suggesting an isolation by distance process.Xunta de Galicia; PGIDIT03 RMA10301PRXunta de Galicia; PGIDIT03 PX10302P