Karakteristik Epidemiologi Kasus-kasus Flu Burung di Indonesia Juli 2005-oktober 2006

Influenza A (H5N1) human cases started to he reported since 1997. In Indonesia, the first human cases were reported in July 2005, as a cluster consisted of a father and two daughters; two of them were fatal confirmed cases. As of 31 October 2006, 72 cases have heen identified (25 were classified into 10 cluster) with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 76.4%. The patients were from 9 (27%) of the 33 provinces in Indonesia. The ratio between male and female patients was 4 to 3. with an extremely high CFR of the women (87%). Most patients were of young adult ages, 39% of them were less than 15 years old. Indirect and direct contact with sick or dead poultry was reported from 81% of these confirmed cases

Selective Attention Increases Both Gain and Feature Selectivity of the Human Auditory Cortex

Background. An experienced car mechanic can often deduce what’s wrong with a car by carefully listening to the sound of the ailing engine, despite the presence of multiple sources of noise. Indeed, the ability to select task-relevant sounds for awareness, whilst ignoring irrelevant ones, constitutes one of the most fundamental of human faculties, but the underlying neural mechanisms have remained elusive. While most of the literature explains the neural basis of selective attention by means of an increase in neural gain, a number of papers propose enhancement in neural selectivity as an alternative or a complementary mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings. Here, to address the question whether pure gain increase alone can explain auditory selective attention in humans, we quantified the auditory cortex frequency selectivity in 20 healthy subjects by masking 1000-Hz tones by continuous noise masker with parametrically varying frequency notches around the tone frequency (i.e., a notched-noise masker). The task of the subjects was, in different conditions, to selectively attend to either occasionally occurring slight increments in tone frequency (1020 Hz), tones of slightly longer duration, or ignore the sounds. In line with previous studies, in the ignore condition, the global field power (GFP) of event-related brain responses at 100 ms from the stimulus onset to the 1000-Hz tones was suppressed as a function of the narrowing of the notch width. During the selective attention conditions, the suppressant effect of the noise notch width on GFP was decreased, but as a function significantly different from a multiplicative one expected on the basis of simple gain model of selective attention. Conclusions/Significance. Our results suggest that auditory selective attention in humans cannot be explained by a gai

Postoperative outcomes in oesophagectomy with trainee involvement

BACKGROUND: The complexity of oesophageal surgery and the significant risk of morbidity necessitates that oesophagectomy is predominantly performed by a consultant surgeon, or a senior trainee under their supervision. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of trainee involvement in oesophagectomy on postoperative outcomes in an international multicentre setting. METHODS: Data from the multicentre Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Study Group (OGAA) cohort study were analysed, which comprised prospectively collected data from patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer between April 2018 and December 2018. Procedures were grouped by the level of trainee involvement, and univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to compare patient outcomes across groups. RESULTS: Of 2232 oesophagectomies from 137 centres in 41 countries, trainees were involved in 29.1 per cent of them (n = 650), performing only the abdominal phase in 230, only the chest and/or neck phases in 130, and all phases in 315 procedures. For procedures with a chest anastomosis, those with trainee involvement had similar 90-day mortality, complication and reoperation rates to consultant-performed oesophagectomies (P = 0.451, P = 0.318, and P = 0.382, respectively), while anastomotic leak rates were significantly lower in the trainee groups (P = 0.030). Procedures with a neck anastomosis had equivalent complication, anastomotic leak, and reoperation rates (P = 0.150, P = 0.430, and P = 0.632, respectively) in trainee-involved versus consultant-performed oesophagectomies, with significantly lower 90-day mortality in the trainee groups (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Trainee involvement was not found to be associated with significantly inferior postoperative outcomes for selected patients undergoing oesophagectomy. The results support continued supervised trainee involvement in oesophageal cancer surgery

The histology of ovarian cancer: worldwide distribution and implications for international survival comparisons (CONCORD-2)

Objective Ovarian cancers comprise several histologically distinct tumour groups with widely different prognosis. We aimed to describe the worldwide distribution of ovarian cancer histology and to understand what role this may play in international variation in survival. Methods The CONCORD programme is the largest population-based study of global trends in cancer survival. Data on 681,759 women diagnosed during 1995â\u80\u932009 with cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, peritoneum and retroperitonum in 51 countries were included. We categorised ovarian tumours into six histological groups, and explored the worldwide distribution of histology. Results During 2005â\u80\u932009, type II epithelial tumours were the most common. The proportion was much higher in Oceania (73.1%), North America (73.0%) and Europe (72.6%) than in Central and South America (65.7%) and Asia (56.1%). By contrast, type I epithelial tumours were more common in Asia (32.5%), compared with only 19.4% in North America. From 1995 to 2009, the proportion of type II epithelial tumours increased from 68.6% to 71.1%, while the proportion of type I epithelial tumours fell from 23.8% to 21.2%. The proportions of germ cell tumours, sex cord-stromal tumours, other specific non-epithelial tumours and tumours of non-specific morphology all remained stable over time. Conclusions The distribution of ovarian cancer histology varies widely worldwide. Type I epithelial, germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumours are generally associated with higher survival than type II tumours, so the proportion of these tumours may influence survival estimates for all ovarian cancers combined. The distribution of histological groups should be considered when comparing survival between countries and regions

Formazione e fortuna del Tasso nella cultura della Serenissima. Atti del Convegno di Studi nel IV centenario della morte di Torquato Tasso (1595-1995)

Il volume, introdotto dalla scrivente e da Bianca Maria Da Rif (p. 9-14), pubblica gli Atti del convegno tassiano promosso nel novembre 1995 sotto l'egida dell'Universit\ue0 di Padova, del Comune di Padova, dell'Accademia patavina di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti (ora Accademia Galileiana), dell'Accademia Olimpica, dell'Accademia dei Concordi, della Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana e dello stesso Istituto Veneto. Il volume si compone di saggi di Gian Vito Resta (Formazione e noviziato del Tassino); Vittorio Zaccaria (Le Accademie padane cnquecentesche e il Tasso); Maria Teresa Girardi (Tasso, Speroni e la cultura padovana); Maria Luisa Doglio (Tasso "principe della moderna poesia" nei Discorsi accademici di Paolo Beni; Ginetta Auzzas (La "raccolta" dell "Rime de gli Academici Eterei"; Manlio Pastore Stocchi, La poetica degli Eterei; MariellaMagliani, Stampatori veneti del Tasso; Antonio Daniele, Sul Rinald; Daniele Rota, I Tasso a Bergamo, citt\ue0 della Serenissima; Giovani Da Pozzo, La memoria tassiana dell'esperienza veneta; Adriano Mariuz, Gli amori di Rinaldo e Armida nell'interpretazione di Giambattista Tiepolo; Paolo Preto, Tasso, Venezia e i Turchi; Paolo Fabbri, Tasso e la sua fortuna musicale a Venezia; Pier Mario Vescovo, "Una fatica bizzarra e studiosa": El Goffredo del Tasso cant\ue0 alla barcariola del dottor Tomaso Mondini; Georges Guntert, "De' miei secreti sono signore": reticenze e chiarimenti nelle Lettere poetiche del Tasso; Giorgio Ronconi, Nota sull'impresa del Tasso fra gli Eterei; Giovanni Scianatico, Tasso neoclassico. Dal Pindemonte al Foscolo

Introduzione a Formazione e fortuna del Tasso nella cultura della Serenissima

Presentazione degli argomenti trattati nei contributi presenti nel volume (Atti del Convegno tassiano Padova-Venezia, 10-11 novembre 1995)

Modern Bashkir prose: genre and fiction peculiarities

The purpose of this article is to consider the genre, fiction and plot peculiarities of provincial literature through the Bashkir writers via the methodology of structural-functional, institutional and phenomenological approaches. The system analysis method was used to achieve this goal. In analyzing the literary works of Bashkir writers, we have allocated the main peculiarities of provincial literature. As a result, modern literary criticism assigns a significant place to provincial literature as the main source of culture. In conclusion, modern Bashkir prose vividly reflects the provincial literature development in a multicultural stat