A novel mode of chromosomal evolution peculiar to filamentous Ascomycete fungi

Background: Gene loss, inversions, translocations, and other chromosomal rearrangements vary among species, resulting in different rates of structural genome evolution. Major chromosomal rearrangements are rare in most eukaryotes, giving large regions with the same genes in the same order and orientation across species. These regions of macrosynteny have been very useful for locating homologous genes in different species and to guide the assembly of genome sequences. Previous analyses in the fungi have indicated that macrosynteny is rare; instead, comparisons across species show no synteny or only microsyntenic regions encompassing usually five or fewer genes. To test the hypothesis that chromosomal evolution is different in the fungi compared to other eukaryotes, synteny was compared between species of the major fungal taxa. Results: These analyses identified a novel form of evolution in which genes are conserved within homologous chromosomes, but with randomized orders and orientations. This mode of evolution is designated mesosynteny, to differentiate it from micro-and macrosynteny seen in other organisms. Mesosynteny is an alternative evolutionary pathway very different from macrosyntenic conservation. Surprisingly, mesosynteny was not found in all fungal groups. Instead, mesosynteny appears to be restricted to filamentous Ascomycetes and was most striking between species in the Dothideomycetes. Conclusions: The existence of mesosynteny between relatively distantly related Ascomycetes could be explained by a high frequency of chromosomal inversions, but translocations must be extremely rare. The mechanism for this phenomenon is not known, but presumably involves generation of frequent inversions during meiosis

Designing stakeholder learning dialogues for effective global governance

A growing scholarship on multistakeholder learning dialogues suggests the importance of closely managing learning processes to help stakeholders anticipate which policies are likely to be effective. Much less work has focused on how to manage effective transnational multistakeholder learning dialogues, many of which aim to help address critical global environmental and social problems such as climate change or biodiversity loss. They face three central challenges. First, they rarely shape policies and behaviors directly, but work to ‘nudge’ or ‘tip the scales’ in domestic settings. Second, they run the risk of generating ‘compromise’ approaches incapable of ameliorating the original problem definition for which the dialogue was created. Third, they run the risk of being overly influenced, or captured, by powerful interests whose rationale for participating is to shift problem definitions or narrow instrument choices to those innocuous to their organizational or individual interests. Drawing on policy learning scholarship, we identify a six-stage learning process for anticipating effectiveness designed to minimize these risks while simultaneously fostering innovative approaches for meaningful and longlasting problem solving: Problem definition assessments; Problem framing; Developing coalition membership; Causal framework development; Scoping exercises; Knowledge institutionalization. We also identify six management techniques within each process for engaging transnational dialogues around problem solving. We show that doing so almost always requires anticipating multiple-step causal pathways through which influence of transnational and/or international actors and institutions might occur

Quotients for sheets of conjugacy classes

We provide a description of the orbit space of a sheet S for the conjugation action of a complex simple simply connected algebraic group G. This is obtained by means of a bijection between S/G and the quotient of a shifted torus modulo the action of a subgroup of the Weyl group and it is the group analogue of a result due to Borho and Kraft. We also describe the normalisation of the categorical quotient \overline{S}//G for arbitrary simple G and give a necessary and sufficient condition for S//G to be normal in analogy to results of Borho, Kraft and Richardson. The example of G_2 is worked out in detail

Quotients for sheets of conjugacy classes

We provide a description of the orbit space of a sheet S for the conjugation action of a complex simple simply connected algebraic group G. This is obtained by means of a bijection between S 15G and the quotient of a shifted torus modulo the action of a subgroup of the Weyl group and it is the group analogue of a result due to Borho and Kraft. We also describe the normalisation of the categorical quotient // for arbitrary simple G and give a necessary and sufficient condition for //G to be normal in analogy to results of Borho, Kraft and Richardson. The example of G2 is worked out in detail

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress and Related Disorders: A Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation in U.S. Army Soldiers

Crossâ sectional associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been observed, but longitudinal studies assessing this association are lacking. This prospective study evaluated the association between predeployment ADHD and postdeployment PTSD among U.S. Army soldiers. Soldiers who deployed to Afghanistan were surveyed before deployment (T0) and approximately 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), and 9 months (T3) after their return. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between predeployment ADHD and postdeployment (T2 or T3) PTSD among 4,612 soldiers with data at all waves and no record of stimulant medication treatment during the study. To evaluate specificity of the ADHDâ PTSD association, we examined associations among predeployment ADHD, postdeployment major depressive episode (MDE), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and suicidal ideation. Weighted prevalence of ADHD predeployment was 6.1% (SE = 0.4%). Adjusting for other risk factors, predeployment ADHD was associated with risk of postdeployment PTSD, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.13, 95% CI [1.51, 3.00], p < .001, including incidence among soldiers with no predeployment history of PTSD, AOR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.69, 3.69], p < .001. ADHD was associated with postdeployment MDE, AOR = 2.80, 95% CI [2.01, 3.91], p < .001, and GAD, AOR = 3.04, 95% CI [2.10, 4.42], p < .001, but not suicidal ideation. Recognition of associations between predeployment ADHD and postdeployment PTSD, MDE, and GAD may inform targeted prevention efforts. Future research should examine whether treatment of ADHD is protective against PTSD and related disorders in traumaâ exposed individuals.ResumenSpanish Abstracts by Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)El trastorno de déficit atencional con hiperactividad y el riesgo del trastorno de estrés postraumático y trastornos relacionados: Una evaluación longitudinal prospectiva en soldados del ejército estadounidenseTDAH Y RIESGO DE TEPT EN SOLDADOS DEL EJà RCITO DE EE.UU.Se han observado asociaciones transversales entre el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) y el trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT), pero faltan estudios longitudinales que evalúen esta asociación. Este estudio prospectivo evaluó la asociación entre el TDAH previo al despliegue y el TEPT posterior al despliegue entre los soldados del Ejército de Estados Unidos. Los soldados desplegados en Afganistán fueron encuestados antes del despliegue (T0) y aproximadamente 1 mes (T1), 3 meses (T2), y 9 meses (T3) después de su regreso del despliegue. Se realizó una regresión logística para estimar la asociación entre el TDAH previo al despliegue y el TEPT posterior al despliegue (T2 o T3) en 4.612 soldados con datos en todas las etapas y sin registro de tratamiento con medicamentos estimulantes durante el estudio. Para evaluar la especificidad de la asociación TDAHâ TEPT, examinamos las asociaciones entre el TDAH previo al despliegue, el episodio depresivo mayor posterior al despliegue (EDM), el trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG), y la ideación suicida. La prevalencia ponderada del TDAH previo al despliegue fue de 6.1% (SE = 0.4%). Al controlar los otros factores de riesgo, el TDAH previo al despliegue se asoció con el riesgo de TEPT posterior al despliegue, odds ratio ajustado (AOR en su sigla en inglés) = 2.13, IC del 95% [1.51, 3.00], p <.001, incluida la incidencia entre soldados sin historial previo al despliegue de TEPT, AOR = 2.50, IC del 95% [1.69, 3.69], p <.001. El TDAH se asoció con el EDM posterior al despliegue, AOR = 2.80, IC del 95% [2.01, 3.91], p <.001, y TAG, AOR = 3.04, IC del 95% [2.10, 4.42], p <.001, pero no con ideación suicida. El reconocimiento de las asociaciones entre el TDAH previo al despliegue y el TEPT, el EDM, y el TAG posterior al despliegue puede informar los esfuerzos de prevención específicos. Las investigaciones futuras deberían examinar si el tratamiento del TDAH protege contra el TEPT y los trastornos relacionados en personas expuestas a trauma.æ ½è±¡Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS)ç°¡é« å ç¹ é« ä¸­æ æ ®è¦ ç ±äº æ´²å µå ·å¿ ç ç  ç©¶å­¸æ 翻譯Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress and Related Disorders: A Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation in US Army SoldiersTraditional Chineseæ¨ é¡ : å° æ³¨å ä¸ è¶³æ é åº¦æ´»èº ç è æ £å µå ·å¾ å£ å ç å ç ¸é ç ¾ç ç é¢¨é ª:å° ç¾ å è» äººé ²è¡ ç å ç »ç¸±è²«ç  ç©¶æ ®è¦ : é å¾ ä¸ ç ´æ ç  ç©¶æª¢è¦ å° æ³¨å ä¸ è¶³æ é åº¦æ´»èº ç (ADHD)è å µå ·å¾ å£ å ç (PTSD)ä¹ é ç æ©«æ ·æ §é é £, å ¯æ ¯, æ å ä» æ¬ ç¼ºæª¢è¦ å ©è é é £ç ç¸±è²«ç  ç©¶ã æ ¬å ç »ç  ç©¶æ ¨å ¨é é ç¾ è» æ¨£æ ¬, è© ä¼°æ å½¹å ADHDè· æ å½¹å¾ PTSDç é é £ã æ¨£æ ¬ç ºå å¾ é ¿å¯ æ± æ å½¹ç è» äºº, å ¨æ å½¹å (T0)å å® æ æ å½¹å¾ ç´ 1å æ (T1)ã 3å æ (T2)å 9å æ (T3)æ ¥å èª¿æ ¥ã æ å 以é 輯迴歸å æ å æ æ 波段ç æ ¸æ , ä¼°è¨ 4,612å è» äººæ å½¹å ADHDè· æ å½¹å¾ (T2 æ T3)PTSDç é é £ã ç  ç©¶ä¸­, æ¨£æ ¬ä¸¦ç ¡æ ç ¨è å¥®è ¥ç ©ã ç ºäº è§£ADHDâ PTSDç ç ¹æ® é é £, æ å æª¢è¦ ä»¥ä¸ é  ç ®ä¹ é ç é é £:æ å½¹å ADHDã å® æ æ å½¹å¾ ç å ´é æ é¬±ç¯ æ®µ(MDE)ã å»£æ³ æ §ç ¦æ ®ç (GAD)ã è ªæ®ºæ 念ã æ å½¹å ADHDæ ®é åº¦ç º6.1% (SE = 0.4%)ã å° å ¶ä» é¢¨é ªå  ç´ ä½ èª¿ç¯ å¾ , æ å½¹å ADHDè· æ å½¹å¾ æ £PTSDç é¢¨é ªæ æ é é £(å·²èª¿ç¯ å ç® æ¯ (AOR) = 2.13, 95% CI [1.51, 3.00], p < .001), ç ¶ä¸­å æ ¬æ å½¹å ä¸¦ç ¡PTSDç è» äºº(AOR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.69, 3.69], p < .001)ã ADHDè· å® æ æ å½¹å¾ æ £MDEç (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI [2.01, 3.91], p < .001)å GAD(AOR = 3.04, 95% CI [2.10, 4.42] p < .001)é ½æ é , ä½ è· è ªæ®ºæ å¿µç ¡é ã äº è§£æ å½¹å ADHDè· æ å½¹å¾ PTSDã MDEå GADç é é £, å ¯è ½æ å ©ç ¼å± é å° æ §ç é  é ²å·¥ä½ ã æ ªä¾ ç  ç©¶æ æª¢è¦ å° å å µäººå£«æ ä¾ ADHDæ²»ç , æ ¯å ¦å° å ¶PTSDå ç ¸é ç ¾ç æ ä¿ è­·æ æ ã Simplified Chineseæ  é¢ : ä¸ æ³¨å ä¸ è¶³æ è¿ åº¦æ´»è· ç ä¸ æ £å 伤å å å ç å ç ¸å ³ç ¾ç ç é£ é ©:å¯¹ç¾ å ½å äººè¿ è¡ ç å ç »çºµè´¯ç  ç©¶æ ®è¦ : è¿ å¾ ä¸ ç ´æ ç  ç©¶æ£ è§ ä¸ æ³¨å ä¸ è¶³æ è¿ åº¦æ´»è· ç (ADHD)ä¸ å 伤å å å ç (PTSD)ä¹ é ´ç æ¨ªæ ­æ §å ³è¿ , å ¯æ ¯, æ ä»¬ä» æ¬ ç¼ºæ£ è§ ä¸¤è å ³è¿ ç çºµè´¯ç  ç©¶ã æ ¬å ç »ç  ç©¶æ ¨å ¨é è¿ ç¾ å æ ·æ ¬, è¯ ä¼°æ å½¹å ADHDè· æ å½¹å PTSDç å ³è¿ ã æ ·æ ¬ä¸ºå å¾ é ¿å¯ æ± æ å½¹ç å 人, å ¨æ å½¹å (T0)å å® æ æ å½¹å 约1个æ (T1)ã 3个æ (T2)å 9个æ (T3)æ ¥å è° æ ¥ã æ ä»¬ä»¥é »è¾ å å½ å æ å æ æ 波段ç æ °æ ®, 估计4,612å å 人æ å½¹å ADHDè· æ å½¹å (T2 æ T3)PTSDç å ³è¿ ã ç  ç©¶ä¸­, æ ·æ ¬å¹¶æ  æ ç ¨å ´å¥ è ¯ç ©ã ä¸ºäº è§£ADHDâ PTSDç ç ¹æ® å ³è¿ , æ ä»¬æ£ è§ ä»¥ä¸ é¡¹ç ®ä¹ é ´ç å ³è¿ :æ å½¹å ADHDã å® æ æ å½¹å ç 严é æ é è 段(MDE)ã å¹¿æ³ æ §ç ¦è ç (GAD)ã è ªæ æ 念ã æ å½¹å ADHDæ ®é 度为6.1% (SE = 0.4%)ã å¯¹å ¶ä» é£ é ©å  ç´ ä½ è° è å , æ å½¹å ADHDè· æ å½¹å æ £PTSDç é£ é ©æ æ å ³è¿ (å·²è° è è ç® æ¯ (AOR) = 2.13, 95% CI [1.51, 3.00], p < .001), å½ ä¸­å æ ¬æ å½¹å å¹¶æ  PTSDç å 人(AOR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.69, 3.69], p < .001)ã ADHDè· å® æ æ å½¹å æ £MDEç (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI [2.01, 3.91], p < .001)å GAD(AOR = 3.04, 95% CI [2.10, 4.42] p < .001)é ½æ å ³, ä½ è· è ªæ æ å¿µæ  å ³ã äº è§£æ å½¹å ADHDè· æ å½¹å PTSDã MDEå GADç å ³è¿ , å ¯è ½æ å ©å å± é å¯¹æ §ç é¢ é ²å·¥ä½ ã æ ªæ ¥ç  ç©¶åº æ£ è§ å¯¹å å 人士æ ä¾ ADHDæ²»ç , æ ¯å ¦å¯¹å ¶PTSDå ç ¸å ³ç ¾ç æ ä¿ æ ¤æ åº ãPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146971/1/jts22347_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146971/2/jts22347.pd

The Diversity and Abundance of Small Arthropods in Onion, Allium cepa, Seed Crops, and their Potential Role in Pollination

Onion, Allium cepa L. (Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae), crop fields grown for seed production require arthropod pollination for adequate seed yield. Although many arthropod species visit A. cepa flowers, for most there is little information on their role as pollinators. Small flower visiting arthropods (body width < 3 mm) in particular are rarely assessed. A survey of eight flowering commercial A. cepa seed fields in the North and South Islands of New Zealand using window traps revealed that small arthropods were highly abundant among all except one field. Insects belonging to the orders Diptera and Thysanoptera were the most abundant and Hymenoptera, Collembola, Psocoptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera were also present. To test whether small arthropods might contribute to pollination, seed sets from umbels caged within 3 mm diameter mesh cages were compared with similarly caged, hand-pollinated umbels and uncaged umbels. Caged umbels that were not hand-pollinated set significantly fewer seeds (average eight seeds/umbel, n = 10) than caged hand-pollinated umbels (average 146 seeds/umbel) and uncaged umbels (average 481 seeds/umbel). Moreover, sticky traps placed on umbels within cages captured similar numbers of small arthropods as sticky traps placed on uncaged umbels, suggesting cages did not inhibit the movement of small arthropods to umbels. Therefore, despite the high abundance of small arthropods within fields, evidence to support their role as significant pollinators of commercial A. cepa seed crops was not found

Biophysical characterization of interactions involving importin-alpha during nuclear import

Proteins containing the classical nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) are imported into the nucleus by the importin-alpha/beta heterodimer. Importin-alpha contains the NLS binding site, whereas importin-beta mediates the translocation through the nuclear pore. We characterized the interactions involving importin-alpha during nuclear import using a combination of biophysical techniques (biosensor, crystallography, sedimentation equilibrium, electrophoresis, and circular dichroism). Importin-alpha is shown to exist in a monomeric autoinhibited state (association with NLSs undetectable by biosensor). Association with importin-beta (stoichiometry, 1:1; K-D = 1.1 x 10(-8) m) increases the affinity for NLSs; the importin-alpha/beta complex binds representative monopartite NLS (simian virus 40 large T-antigen) and bipartite NLS (nucleoplasmin) with affinities (K-D = 3.5 x 10(-8) m and 4.8 x 10(-8) m, respectively) comparable with those of a truncated importin-alpha lacking the autoinhibitory domain (T-antigen NLS, K-D = 1.7 x 10(-8) m; nucleoplasmin NLS, K-D = 1.4 x 10(-8) m). The autoinhibitory domain (as a separate peptide) binds the truncated importin-alpha, and the crystal structure of the complex resembles the structure of full-length importin-alpha. Our results support the model of regulation of nuclear import mediated by the intrasteric autoregulatory sequence of importin-alpha and provide a quantitative description of the binding and regulatory steps during nuclear import

Social marketing and healthy eating : Findings from young people in Greece

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12208-013-0112-xGreece has high rates of obesity and non-communicable diseases owing to poor dietary choices. This research provides lessons for social marketing to tackle the severe nutrition-related problems in this country by obtaining insight into the eating behaviour of young adults aged 18–23. Also, the main behavioural theories used to inform the research are critically discussed. The research was conducted in Athens. Nine focus groups with young adults from eight educational institutions were conducted and fifty-nine participants’ views towards eating habits, healthy eating and the factors that affect their food choices were explored. The study found that the participants adopted unhealthier nutritional habits after enrolment. Motivations for healthy eating were good health, appearance and psychological consequences, while barriers included lack of time, fast-food availability and taste, peer pressure, lack of knowledge and lack of family support. Participants reported lack of supportive environments when deciding on food choices. Based on the findings, recommendations about the development of the basic 4Ps of the marketing mix, as well as of a fifth P, for Policy are proposedPeer reviewe