Relating two standard notions of secrecy

Two styles of definitions are usually considered to express that a security protocol preserves the confidentiality of a data s. Reachability-based secrecy means that s should never be disclosed while equivalence-based secrecy states that two executions of a protocol with distinct instances for s should be indistinguishable to an attacker. Although the second formulation ensures a higher level of security and is closer to cryptographic notions of secrecy, decidability results and automatic tools have mainly focused on the first definition so far. This paper initiates a systematic investigation of the situations where syntactic secrecy entails strong secrecy. We show that in the passive case, reachability-based secrecy actually implies equivalence-based secrecy for digital signatures, symmetric and asymmetric encryption provided that the primitives are probabilistic. For active adversaries, we provide sufficient (and rather tight) conditions on the protocol for this implication to hold.Comment: 29 pages, published in LMC

Propositional Dynamic Logic for Message-Passing Systems

We examine a bidirectional propositional dynamic logic (PDL) for finite and infinite message sequence charts (MSCs) extending LTL and TLC-. By this kind of multi-modal logic we can express properties both in the entire future and in the past of an event. Path expressions strengthen the classical until operator of temporal logic. For every formula defining an MSC language, we construct a communicating finite-state machine (CFM) accepting the same language. The CFM obtained has size exponential in the size of the formula. This synthesis problem is solved in full generality, i.e., also for MSCs with unbounded channels. The model checking problem for CFMs and HMSCs turns out to be in PSPACE for existentially bounded MSCs. Finally, we show that, for PDL with intersection, the semantics of a formula cannot be captured by a CFM anymore

Complexes of Cobalt(II) with Schiff Bases Derived from Salicylaldehyde & Some Amino Acids

749-75

Analytic curves in algebraic varieties over number fields

We establish algebraicity criteria for formal germs of curves in algebraic varieties over number fields and apply them to derive a rationality criterion for formal germs of functions, which extends the classical rationality theorems of Borel-Dwork and P\'olya-Bertrandias valid over the projective line to arbitrary algebraic curves over a number field. The formulation and the proof of these criteria involve some basic notions in Arakelov geometry, combined with complex and rigid analytic geometry (notably, potential theory over complex and $p$-adic curves). We also discuss geometric analogues, pertaining to the algebraic geometry of projective surfaces, of these arithmetic criteria.Comment: 55 pages. To appear in "Algebra, Arithmetic, and Geometry: In Honor of Y.i. Manin", Y. Tschinkel & Yu. Manin editors, Birkh\"auser, 200

Future orientation and planning in forestry: a comparison of forest managers' planning horizons in Germany and the Netherlands

Long range (or strategic) planning is an important tool for forest management to deal with the complex and unpredictable future. However, it is the ability to make meaningful predictions about the rapidly changing future that is questioned. What appears to be particularly neglected is the question of the length of time horizons and the limits (if any) to these horizons, despite being considered one of the most critical factors in strategic planning. As the future creation of values lies within individual responsibility, this research empirically explored the limits (if any) of individual foresters¿ time horizons. To draw comparisons between countries with different traditions in forest management planning, data were collected through telephone surveys of forest managers in the state/national forest services of the Netherlands and Germany. In order to minimize other cultural differences, the research in Germany concentrated on the federal state of Nordrhein-Westfalen, which has considerable similarities with the Netherlands, e.g. in topography, forest types and forest functions. The results show that, in practice, 15 years appears to be the most distant horizon that foresters can identify with. This is in sharp contrast to the time horizons spanning decades and even generations that are always said to exist in forestry. The ¿doctrine of the long run¿¿the faith in the capacity of foresters to overcome the barriers of the uncertain future and look ahead and plan for long-range goals¿which in many countries still underlies traditional forest management, can therefore be rejected

Efficacy of indigenous Trichoderma isolates for the management of cumin wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini) in Rajasthan

Sixteen Trichoderma isolates from soils under cumin, identified as Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningiopsis and T. asperllum showed variation in their colony morphology as well as degree of inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini. In the field experiment, all Trichoderma isolates were tested as seed treatment and soil application on cumin cultivar RZ 209. The result showed that T. asperllum (CuTa7-02, CuTa3-01), T. koningiopsis (CuTk7-01) and T. harzianum (CuTh9-02, CuTh3-03, CuTh8-01) significantly reduced wilt incidence (58-85%) and can be used as biological components in integrated management of cumin Fusarium wilt. &nbsp

Solvothermal nanoYAG synthesis: Mechanism and particle growth kinetics

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Journal of Supercritical Fluids and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.09.031NanoYAG particles with spherical morphology have been synthesised using a solvothermal method; a structure sensitive reaction, where the chemical reaction and the particle growth kinetics are interdependent. It has been observed that the primary YAG particles agglomerated into ∼30 nm clusters via a self-assembled Ostwald ripening process along (2 1 1) planes, separated by a distance of ∼0.49 nm, at 270 °C and 2.0 MPa for 2 h. These nanoclusters coalesced into single nanoparticles of ∼30 nm in size and exhibited a smaller inter planar distance of ∼0.26 nm, corresponding to the (4 2 0) planes, when synthesized at 300 °C and 8.5 MPa for 2 h. in addition, the solvent 1,4-butanediol transformed into 1,4-diacetoxybutane, this will have undergone esterification by reacting with the terminal acetate groups cleaved from the precursor, yttrium acetate. The proposed mechanism based on the analytical evidence suggests that a complete dissolution of precursors facilitated the structural re-arrangement of atoms within the planes and lead to a significantly higher degree of crystallinity. Moreover, once the particles with (4 2 0) planes had formed, they were no longer involved in facile coalescence along their preferential planes due to their lower interfacial energy compared to the (2 1 1) planes. This led to control of the particle morphology and with little agglomeration occurring in the final nanopowder

Comparative efficacy of biological control agents for the management of cumin wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini

Field experiments were conducted during rabi 2008-09 and 2009-10 for the management of cumin wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini. The results showed that seed treatment with Trichoderma viride (10 g kg-1 of seed) and soil application (2.5 kg ha-1) recorded minimum percent disease incidence (PDI) of 18.5 (disease reduction of 51.8%) versus 38.4 in the control. It was on par with seed treatment and soil application with Aspergillus versicolor at 10 g kg-1 of seed and 2.5 kg ha-1, respectively which reduced the disease incidence by 45.4%. The chemical treatment i.e. seed treatment with carbendazim at 2.5 g kg-1 seed recorded PDI of 23.9 with 37.7% disease reduction. Among different treatments seed treatment and soil application with A. versicolor gave a seed yield of 246 kg ha-1 followed by P. fluorescens (222.6 kg ha-1). Treatment T. viride, recorded the highest yield of 258.2 kg ha-1. Hence, seed treatment at 10 g kg-1 and soil application at 2.5 kg ha-1 of T. viride was the most effective, eco-friendly disease management. &nbsp

Comparative efficacy of biological control agents for the management of cumin wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini

Field experiments were conducted during rabi 2008-09 and 2009-10 for the management of cumin wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini. The results showed that seed treatment with Trichoderma viride (10 g kg-1 of seed) and soil application (2.5 kg ha-1) recorded minimum percent disease incidence (PDI) of 18.5 (disease reduction of 51.8%) versus 38.4 in the control. It was on par with seed treatment and soil application with Aspergillus versicolor at 10 g kg-1 of seed and 2.5 kg ha-1, respectively which reduced the disease incidence by 45.4%. The chemical treatment i.e. seed treatment with carbendazim at 2.5 g kg-1 seed recorded PDI of 23.9 with 37.7% disease reduction. Among different treatments seed treatment and soil application with A. versicolor gave a seed yield of 246 kg ha-1 followed by P. fluorescens (222.6 kg ha-1). Treatment T. viride, recorded the highest yield of 258.2 kg ha-1. Hence, seed treatment at 10 g kg-1 and soil application at 2.5 kg ha-1 of T. viride was the most effective, eco-friendly disease management. &nbsp

Enhancing the yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) using organic seaweed extract

Seaweed extracts are gaining attention due to growing popularity of organic food and sustainable agricultural practices. Owing to their sustainability and eco-friendly nature, seaweed extracts are widely utilized in organic agriculture. This study aims to enhance black gram yield and maintain soil nutrient balance through the application of organically extracted seaweed solutions. Seaweed (Gracilaria edulis) was extracted using organic solvents-fermented buttermilk and cow urine and compared with a conventional water-based extract. Two field trials were conducted using these organic seaweed extracts to assess their effect on black gram performance. Results showed that prepared organic extracts of cow urine and fermented buttermilk were superior to conventional water extracts. Black gram yield increased by 11.9 % and 7.7 % with cow urine and fermented buttermilk extracts, respectively, compared to the water extract. Plant and grain quality indicators - including relative leaf water content (89.8 %) chlorophyll a (1.81 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.80 mg/g), total chlorophyll, carotenoids (2.61 mg/g) Quality of black gram plants and grain such as relative leaf water content (89.8 %), chlorophyll a, (1.81) b, total chlorophyll (0.80) and carotenoids (2.61), grain protein (27.7 %) and ash were the highest with 15 % cow urine extract application. Nutrient uptake by black gram grain and stover was also the highest with 15 % cow urine extracts application. Therefore, the study recommends applying cow urine-based seaweed extracts at a concentration of 10-15 % to optimize black gram growth and yield