635 research outputs found
The Trapping Redundancy of Linear Block Codes
We generalize the notion of the stopping redundancy in order to study the
smallest size of a trapping set in Tanner graphs of linear block codes. In this
context, we introduce the notion of the trapping redundancy of a code, which
quantifies the relationship between the number of redundant rows in any
parity-check matrix of a given code and the size of its smallest trapping set.
Trapping sets with certain parameter sizes are known to cause error-floors in
the performance curves of iterative belief propagation decoders, and it is
therefore important to identify decoding matrices that avoid such sets. Bounds
on the trapping redundancy are obtained using probabilistic and constructive
methods, and the analysis covers both general and elementary trapping sets.
Numerical values for these bounds are computed for the [2640,1320] Margulis
code and the class of projective geometry codes, and compared with some new
code-specific trapping set size estimates.Comment: 12 pages, 4 tables, 1 figure, accepted for publication in IEEE
Transactions on Information Theor
Permutation Decoding and the Stopping Redundancy Hierarchy of Cyclic and Extended Cyclic Codes
We introduce the notion of the stopping redundancy hierarchy of a linear
block code as a measure of the trade-off between performance and complexity of
iterative decoding for the binary erasure channel. We derive lower and upper
bounds for the stopping redundancy hierarchy via Lovasz's Local Lemma and
Bonferroni-type inequalities, and specialize them for codes with cyclic
parity-check matrices. Based on the observed properties of parity-check
matrices with good stopping redundancy characteristics, we develop a novel
decoding technique, termed automorphism group decoding, that combines iterative
message passing and permutation decoding. We also present bounds on the
smallest number of permutations of an automorphism group decoder needed to
correct any set of erasures up to a prescribed size. Simulation results
demonstrate that for a large number of algebraic codes, the performance of the
new decoding method is close to that of maximum likelihood decoding.Comment: 40 pages, 6 figures, 10 tables, submitted to IEEE Transactions on
Information Theor
Level Crossing Rate of Macrodiversity System in the Presence of Multipath Fading and Shadowing
Macrodiversity system including macrodiversity SC receiver and two microdiversity SC receivers is considered in this paper. Received signal experiences, simultaneously, both, long term fading and short term fading. Microdiversity SC receivers reduces Rayleigh fading effects on system performance and macrodiversity SC receiver mitigate Gamma shadowing effects on system performance. Closed form expressions for level crossing rate of microdiversity SC receivers output signals envelopes are calculated. This expression is used for evaluation of level crossing rate of macrodiversity SC receiver output signal envelope. Numerical expressions are illustrated to show the influence of Gamma shadowing severity on level crossing rate
Bestrophin 1 is indispensable for volume regulation in human retinal pigment epithelium cells
In response to cell swelling, volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) participate in a process known as regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Only recently, first insight into the molecular identity of mammalian VRACs was obtained by the discovery of the leucine-rich repeats containing 8A (LRRC8A) gene. Here, we show that bestrophin 1 (BEST1) but not LRRC8A is crucial for volume regulation in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in RPE derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) exhibit an outwardly rectifying chloride current with characteristic functional properties of VRACs. This current is severely reduced in hiPSC-RPE cells derived from macular dystrophy patients with pathologic BEST1 mutations. Disruption of the orthologous mouse gene (Best1â/â) does not result in obvious retinal pathology but leads to a severe subfertility phenotype in agreement with minor endogenous expression of Best1 in murine RPE but highly abundant expression in mouse testis. Sperm from Best1â/â mice showed reduced motility and abnormal sperm morphology, indicating an inability in RVD. Together, our data suggest that the molecular identity of VRACs is more complexâthat is, instead of a single ubiquitous channel, VRACs could be formed by cell type- or tissue-specific subunit composition. Our findings provide the basis to further examine VRAC diversity in normal and diseased cell physiology, which is key to exploring novel therapeutic approaches in VRAC-associated pathologies
Covariation Among Vowel Height Effects on Acoustic Measures
Covariation among vowel height effects on vowel intrinsic fundamental frequency (IF0), voice onset time (VOT), and voiceless interval duration (VID) is analyzed to assess the plausibility of a common physiological mechanism underlying variation in these measures. Phrases spoken by 20 young adults, containing words composed of initial voiceless stops or /s/ and high or low vowels, were produced in habitual and voluntarily increased F0 conditions. High vowels were associated with increased IF0 and longer VIDs. VOT and VID exhibited significant covariation with IF0 only for males at habitua
Kvalitet mleka i osobine surutke dobijene pri proizvodnji SjeniÄkog sira u industrijskim uslovima
Sjenica cheese is one of our best kinds of cheese from the group of white cheese in
brine. Since the quality and overall value of the cheese depend on the quality and
chemical composition of milk, before making cheese it is necessary to determine these
parameters. Milk fat content in cow milk was 3.1%, protein 31.3%, dry matter 10.96%,
casein 2.85%. Sheep milk of richer chemical composition had a dry matter 8.14%, fat
6.80%, protein 5.97%, casein 20.5%. Chemical composition of whey gauge the validity
of keeping the process of making cheese. On the basis of dry matter content (cow whey
5.65% and sheep whey 7.5%), fat (cow whey 0.023%, sheep whey 0.62%), protein (cow
whey 0.81% , sheep whey 1.44%), it is seen that the process of producing cheese is well
managed with optimal utilization of milk ingredients.SjeniÄki sir je jedan od naĆĄih najboljih sireva iz grupe belih sireva u
salamuri. Proizvodi se na individualnim gazdinstvima podruÄja SjeniÄko-peĆĄterske
visoravni. Sir se proizvodi od sveĆŸeg punomasnog kravljeg i oÄijeg mleka bez
termiÄkog tretmana. PoĆĄto kvalitet i opĆĄte vrednosti sira zavise od kvaliteta i hemijskog
sastava mleka , pre izrade sireva neophodno je odrediti te parametre. SadrĆŸaj mleÄne
masti kod kravljeg mleka bio je 3.1%, proteina 3.31%, suve materije 10.96%, kazeina
2.85%. OvÄije mleko koje je bogatijeg hemijskog sastava imalo je suve materije
18.14%, masti 6.80%, proteina 5.97%, kazeina 5.20%. Na osnovu sadrĆŸaja suve
materije (5.65% kravlja i 7.05% ovÄja ) , masti ( 0.23% kravlja; 0.62% ovÄija), proteina
( 0.81% kravlja, 1.44% ovÄja), kod surutke vidi se da je proces proizvodnje sireva dobro
voÄen uz optimalnu iskoriĆĄÄenost sastojaka mleka
Microglial Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Phenotypes Are Modulated by Translocator Protein Activation
A key role of the mitochondrial Translocator Protein 18 KDa (TSPO) in neuroinflammation has been recently proposed. However, little is known about TSPO-activated pathways underlying the modulation of reactive microglia. In the present work, the TSPO activation was explored in an in vitro human primary microglia model (immortalized C20 cells) under inflammatory stimulus. Two different approaches were used with the aim to (i) pharmacologically amplify or (ii) silence, by the lentiviral short hairpin RNA, the TSPO physiological function. In the TSPO pharmacological stimulation model, the synthetic steroidogenic selective ligand XBD-173 attenuated the activation of microglia. Indeed, it reduces and increases the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Such ligand-induced effects were abolished when C20 cells were treated with the steroidogenesis inhibitor aminoglutethimide. This suggests a role for neurosteroids in modulating the interleukin production. The highly steroidogenic ligand XBD-173 attenuated the neuroinflammatory response more effectively than the poorly steroidogenic ones, which suggests that the observed modulation on the cytokine release may be influenced by the levels of produced neurosteroids. In the TSPO silencing model, the reduction of TSPO caused a more inflamed phenotype with respect to scrambled cells. Similarly, during the inflammatory response, the TSPO silencing increased and reduced the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. In conclusion, the obtained results are in favor of a homeostatic role for TSPO in the context of dynamic balance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory mediators in the human microglia-mediated inflammatory response. Interestingly, our preliminary results propose that the TSPO expression could be stimulated by NF-kappa B during activation of the inflammatory response
How threshold behaviour affects the use of subgraphs for network comparison
Motivation: A wealth of proteinâprotein interaction (PPI) data has recently become available. These data are organized as PPI networks and an efficient and biologically meaningful method to compare such PPI networks is needed. As a first step, we would like to compare observed networks to established network models, under the aspect of small subgraph counts, as these are conjectured to relate to functional modules in the PPI network. We employ the software tool GraphCrunch with the Graphlet Degree Distribution Agreement (GDDA) score to examine the use of such counts for network comparison
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