Adding Value to Milk through the Production of Cheese and Other Dairy Products on the Farm in The Netherlands

Farm Management,

Variation in the thickness of a fluid interface due to internal wave propagation:a lattice Boltzmann simulation

The change in the thickness of an interface between two immiscible fluids due to the propagation of an internal capillary-gravity wave along the interface is considered using a Bhatnagar, Gross and Krook (BGK) lattice Boltzmann model of a binary of fluid. The vertical thickness of the interface is recorded from the simulations since this is the most easily measured quantities in any simulation or experiment. The vertical thickness is then related to the actual thickness (perpendicular to the interface) which is seen to vary with the phase of the wave. The positions of the maxima and minimum thicknesses are seen to be approximately constant relative to the phase of the propagating wave and the range of variation of the thickness decreases at approximately the same rate as the wave amplitude is damped. A simplified model for the interface is considered which predicts a similar variation due to the interface being stretched as the internal wave propagates

A power electronic controlled dump load with negligible harmonics for accurate loading used in testing small wind turbines

Permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) are at the core of small scale wind power generators manufactured by a wide range of manufacturers in different configurations: vertical or horizontal axis blades, with various geometries and aerodynamics of the blades; by installing these small scale wind turbines in very large numbers at household levels, it is expected that these will make a positive contribution to the increase of renewable energy generation, reducing the use of fossil fuels that are blamed for climate change. However, a proper evaluation of the technical specification of these small scale wind generators in various weather conditions is necessary in order to assess the full potential of benefits. This paper reports on the implementation and testing of a power electronic dump load that allows continuously adjustable loading of a PMSG with sinusoidal currents and have the capability to self synchronize to its frequency/speed whilst avoiding transient/loosing of synchronism

Experimental investigation into droplet impingement upon moving films using high speed video and thermal imaging

Aeroengine bearing chambers are geometrically complex, typically containing shafts, bearings, seals and stationary components. Oil is supplied for lubrication and cooling and so the chamber contains a highly rotating two-phase (oil/air) flow where the oil is typically present as droplets, ligaments, mist and films. These films may be thick or thin and film speed varies with chamber location. It is desirable to know a priori the outcome of a droplet-film impact event in terms of mass, momentum and energy transfer. There is a significant body of research on the interaction between droplets and static films. The experimental parameter space has been characterised on the basis of film thickness and impact parameter to predict the outcome of an impingement. The impingement of droplets on moving films has only begun to be investigated over the last decade and consequently models have not yet been developed and the parameter space has barely begun to be characterised. Within this paper results are presented from an experimental study in which water droplets of 3 mm and 3.8 mm at 20°C falling under the influence of gravity impinged onto water films flowing down an inclined plane. Film temperature was 30°C and film thicknesses were between 2.3 mm and 4.2 mm. High speed imaging was used to determine the impingement outcomes and cavity morphology. A high speed infrared camera was used to determine the extent of the thermally affected region and its temperature behaviour. We find that by using the resultant droplet velocity (combining droplet and film velocities) the film impingement outcomes can be characterised into regions very similar to those for static films. The data is presented as a function of splashing parameter and non-dimensional film thickness. It was observed that for these impacts on supercritical films (Fr > 1) there is less propensity for secondary droplet formation through jet breakup than on static and subcritical films (Fr < 1). Data was obtained for extent of the thermally affected region. It was found that the cooler droplet liquid spreads over the inside of the crater before heating up to film temperature. Development of crater shape and size was also studied and data compared to established models for droplet impact on deep static films. During the initial stages of an impact crater area increases similarly to that for static films although the crater shape itself is less similar and is asymmetrical due to the film motion

Exploratory analysis using machine learning to predict for chest wall pain in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Background and purposeChest wall toxicity is observed after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for peripherally located lung tumors. We utilize machine learning algorithms to identify toxicity predictors to develop dose-volume constraints.Materials and methodsTwenty-five patient, tumor, and dosimetric features were recorded for 197 consecutive patients with Stage I NSCLC treated with SBRT, 11 of whom (5.6%) developed CTCAEv4 grade ≥2 chest wall pain. Decision tree modeling was used to determine chest wall syndrome (CWS) thresholds for individual features. Significant features were determined using independent multivariate methods. These methods incorporate out-of-bag estimation using Random forests (RF) and bootstrapping (100 iterations) using decision trees.ResultsUnivariate analysis identified rib dose to 1&nbsp;cc&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;4000&nbsp;cGy (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.01), chest wall dose to 30&nbsp;cc&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;1900&nbsp;cGy (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.035), rib Dmax&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;5100&nbsp;cGy (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.05) and lung dose to 1000&nbsp;cc&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;70&nbsp;cGy (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.039) to be statistically significant thresholds for avoiding CWS. Subsequent multivariate analysis confirmed the importance of rib dose to 1&nbsp;cc, chest wall dose to 30&nbsp;cc, and rib Dmax. Using learning-curve experiments, the dataset proved to be self-consistent and provides a realistic model for CWS analysis.ConclusionsUsing machine learning algorithms in this first of its kind study, we identify robust features and cutoffs predictive for the rare clinical event of CWS. Additional data in planned subsequent multicenter studies will help increase the accuracy of multivariate analysis

Application of high speed filming techniques to the study of rearwards melt ejection in laser drilling

Melt ejection is the dominant material removal mechanism in long, ms, pulse laser drilling of metals, a process with applications such as the drilling of cooling holes in turbine blades. Droplets of molten material are ejected through the entrance hole and, after breakthrough, through the exit hole. High speed filming is used to study the ejected material in order to better understand how this debris may interact with material in the immediate vicinity of the drilled hole. Existing studies have quantified various aspects of melt ejection, however they usually focus on ejection through the entrance hole. This work concentrates on rear melt ejection and is relevant to issues such as rear wall impingement. A 2kW IPG 200S fibre laser is used to drill mild steel. High speed filming is combined with image analysis to characterise the rearward-ejected material. Particle size and velocity data is presented as a function of drilling parameters. It is concluded that high speed filming combined with image analysis and proper consideration of process limitations and optimisation strategies can be a powerful tool in understanding resultant debris distributions

Time-Splitting Coupling of WaveDyn with OpenFOAM by Fidelity Limit Identified from a WEC in Extreme Waves

Survivability assessment is the complexity compromising Wave energy development. The present study develops a hybrid model aiming to reduce computational power while maintaining accuracy for survivability assessment of a Point-Absorber (PA) Wave Energy Converter (WEC) in extreme Wave Structure Interaction (WSI). This method couples the fast inviscid linear potential flow time-domain model WaveDyn (1.2, DNV-GL, Bristol, UK) with the fully nonlinear viscous Navier&ndash;Stokes Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code OpenFOAM (4.2, OpenFOAM.org, London, UK). The coupling technique enables the simulation to change between codes, depending on an indicator relating to wave steepness identified as a function of the confidence in the linear model solution. During the CFD part of the simulation, the OpenFOAM solution is returned to WaveDyn via an additional load term, thus including viscous effects. Developments ensure a satisfactory initialisation of CFD simulation to be achieved from a &lsquo;hot-start&rsquo; time, where the wave-field is developed and the device is in motion. The coupled model successfully overcomes identified inaccuracies in the WaveDyn code due to the inviscid assumption and the high computational cost of the OpenFOAM code. Experimental data of a PA response under extreme deterministic events (NewWave) are used to assess WaveDyn&rsquo;s validity limit as a function of wave steepness, in order to validate CFD code and develop the coupling. The hybrid code demonstrates the applicability of WaveDyn validity limit and shows promising results for long irregular sea-state applications

Inverted Fluorescence Microscope

Team F13 is composed of Trevor Blythe, Spencer Hann, Matthew Pfeiffer, and Thomas Eggenberger. We are all majoring in mechanical engineering and in our final year of study here at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. This project is a continuation of a 2019-2020 senior project. The previous team designed and built a functioning inverted fluorescence microscope (IFM) from scratch. This device was created as a lab tool for undergraduate students to be able to perform experiments on microfluidic devices constructed in Cal Poly’s Microfabrication Laboratory. Although substantially functional, several design constraints had not yet been met. Our team has improved microscope robustness and functionality for practical undergraduate lab use. To do this, we set overarching goals including decreasing microscope footprint, increasing the accuracy of microscope positional repeatability, and improving user-friendliness. Within this Final Design Review report, the full design, manufacturing, and testing processes of this project are explicitly detailed, as well as project logistics, future suggestions, and project management

Design and development of a low-cost, electricity-generating cooking Score-Stove™

SCORE (www.score.uk.com) a US$4M, 5 year international collaboration research project aims to improve the life quality of the 1.5 billion people worldwide who cook on an open fire and do not have access to electricity. SCORE market evaluations1 indicate that at the upper-cost target of$120 with 20 Watts of electricity 60 million people would afford the stove. At the lower-cost target of $40 and 100 Watts it would be affordable to over 1 billion people. In November 2010, a wood burning Score-Stove™ prototype successfully developed 23 watts of electricity based on a planar Thermo-Acoustic Engine (TAE) [2],[3],[4],[5],[6] design, indicating that the new Score-Stove™ is now ready to be engaged with manufacturers to gear up for volume production, and therefore to meet the social and cooking requirements of the rural poor people. The development to a large-volume, easy to manufacture, low-cost TAE cooking stove using elements of the formal design methodologies of BS 7000 and TRIZ are discussed. By breaking down the system requirements into cost targets for each module, performing rig testing, and design refinements it is believed that the upper-cost target is achievable with the right level of investment