4,5,6,10,11,12,16,17,18,22,23,24-Dodeca­kis­[(meth­oxy­carbon­yl)meth­oxy]-2,8,14,20-tetra­pentyl­resorcin[4]arene

The title compound, C84H112O36, has a macrocyclic structure. It has 12 (meth­oxy­carbon­yl)meth­oxy ‘head groups’ in the upper rim and exhibits a flattened boat geometry. Intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur. In the crystal, inter­molecular C—H⋯O contacts occur. The ‘head groups’ and the pentyl ‘feet’ contain disordered (0.5:0.5 occupancy ratio) atoms

Framework Report as Guidance for Case Studies

The main goal of the ENHANCE project is to develop and analyse new ways to enhance society's resilience to catastrophic natural hazard impacts. Key for achieving this goal is to analyse new multi-sector partnerships (MSPs) that aim at reduce or redistribute risk, and increase resilience. This document introduces a working definition of partnership, where MSPs are understood as: "...voluntary but enforceable commitments between partners from different sectors (public authorities, private services/enterprise and civil society), which can be temporary or long-lasting. They are founded on sharing the same goal in order to gain mutual benefit, reduce risk and increase resilience." (Rhodes, 1997) New forms of MSPs are needed, since it appears that existing partnerships are often not effective in managing risk from natural hazards. For example, the different responses to heat-waves and floods in Europe demonstrate that the roles of public, private, and civil society actors (including individuals) in preparing for and responding to catastrophic impacts are often neither clear nor effective. Moreover, actors must often base their risk management strategies on scarce, limited, or inaccurate risk information. Together, these factors can lead to the development of ineffective (prevention and mitigation) and unacceptable measures and unexpectedly large impacts of natural disasters (financial, ecological, health, and social). Moreover, in preparing for and responding to natural hazard impacts, there is also often a lack of clarity on financial responsibilities about who pays what, how much, and when. Hence, knowing the challenge of managing risks resulting from natural hazards has increased, it becomes clear that these risks cannot be handled by either private sector of the government as single actors, and strategies to increase resilience should therefore incorporate all sectors of society (including closer cooperation between sectors)

Formation of gel-like systems of an 2,6,8,12,14,18,20,24-octahydroxypyridine[4]arene and an 2-aminonaphthyridine

Gerkensmeier T, Decker B, Schwertfeger M, Buchheim W, Mattay J. Formation of gel-like systems of an 2,6,8,12,14,18,20,24-octahydroxypyridine[4]arene and an 2-aminonaphthyridine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 2002;(13):2120-2125.2,6,8,12,14,18,20,24-Octahydroxypyridine[4]arenes are capable of forming complexes with suitable partner molecules. In apolar media the formation of gel-like aggregates of an octahydroxypyridine[4]arene and an 2-aminonaphthyridine at a ratio of 1:4 was observed. This viscous liquid was investigated by means of rheology and TEM techniques and was characterized as shear thinning and thermoreversible gel-like solution which is strongly affected by changes in the stoichiometry of the complex partners. (C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002

Investigation of homo- and heterodimer alkali metal cation complexes of resorc[4]arenes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Letzel M, Agena C, Mattay J. Investigation of homo- and heterodimer alkali metal cation complexes of resorc[4]arenes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY. 2002;37(1):63-68.Resorc[4]arenes are compounds with interesting properties, mainly because of their ability to form host-guest complexes with the guest located inside the cavity. The size of the guest limits the complexation, as shown by a competition experiment with tetraalkylammonium ions of different size. By electroscopy lionization tandem mass spectrometric experiments on resorc[4]arene heterodimers bearing an alkali metal ion as guest, it was found that there must be two different binding mechanisms for alkali metal ions with high surface charge density (Li+ and Na+) on the one hand compared with those with a lower surface charge density on the other hand (K+, Rb+, Cs+). Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley Sons, Ltd

XtremRisK: integrated flood risk analysis for extreme storm surges at open coasts and in estuaries: key results and lessons learned

A brief overview of the joint research project XtremRisK is given. The project has been focusing on developing/improving/expanding the knowledge, methods and models with respect to (i) physically possible extreme storm surge for current conditions and scenarios for climate change, (ii) failure mechanisms of flood defenses, (iii) assessment of intangible losses (social and ecological) and their integration with direct/indirect economic losses, (iv) reliability analysis of flood defense systems and (v) source-pathway-receptor (SPR)-based integrated flood risk analysis involving both tangible and intangible losses and its implementation for two selected pilot sites (representative for an open coast and an urban estuarine area in Germany). The key results are briefly summarized and the lessons learned for future flood risk studies are finally drawn