Wolbachia load variation in Drosophila is more likely caused by drift than by host genetic factors

International audienceSymbiosis is a continuum of long-term interactions ranging from mutualism to parasitism, according to the balance between costs and benefits for the protagonists. The density of endosymbionts is, in both cases, a key factor that determines both the transmission of symbionts and the host extended phenotype, and is thus tightly regulated within hosts. However, the evolutionary and molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial density regulation are currently poorly understood. In this context, the symbiosis between the fruit fly and its intracellular bacteria Wolbachia (wMelPop strain) is particularly interesting to study. Although vertically transmitted, the symbiont is pathogenic, and a positive correlation between virulence and wMelPop density is observed. In addition, the number of repeats of a bacterial genomic region -Octomom- is positively correlated with Wolbachia density, underlying a potential genetic mechanism that controls bacterial density. Interestingly, the number of repeats varies between host individuals, but most likely also within them. Such genetic heterogeneity within the host could promote conflicts between bacteria themselves and with the host, notably by increasing withinhost competition between symbiont genotypes through a process analogous to the tragedy of the commons. To characterize the determinisms at play in the regulation of bacterial density, we first introgressed wMelPop in different genetic backgrounds of D. melanogaster, and found different density levels and Octomom copy numbers in each host lineage. To determine whether such variations reflect a host genetic determinism on density regulation through Octomom copy number selection, we replicated the introgressions and performed reciprocal crosses on the two Drosophila populations with the most extreme density levels. In both experiments, we detected an absence of directionality in the patterns of infection, associated with a strong instability of these patterns across generations. Given that bacterial density was highly correlated with Octomom copy numbers in all experiments, these results rather suggest a stron

Overexpression of thioredoxin m in chloroplasts alters carbon and nitrogen partitioning in tobacco

In plants, there is a complex interaction between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism, and its coordination is fundamental for plant growth and development. Here, we studied the influence of thioredoxin (Trx) m on C and N partitioning using tobacco plants overexpressing Trx m from the chloroplast genome. The transgenic plants showed altered metabolism of C (lower leaf starch and soluble sugar accumulation) and N (with higher amounts of amino acids and soluble protein), which pointed to an activation of N metabolism at the expense of carbohydrates. To further delineate the effect of Trx m overexpression, metabolomic and enzymatic analyses were performed on these plants. These results showed an up-regulation of the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway; specifically tobacco plants overexpressing Trx m displayed increased activity and stability of glutamine synthetase. Moreover, higher photorespiration and nitrate accumulation were observed in these plants relative to untransformed control plants, indicating that overexpression of Trx m favors the photorespiratory N cycle rather than primary nitrate assimilation. Taken together, our results reveal the importance of Trx m as a molecular mediator of N metabolism in plant chloroplasts.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Impact of Temporary Nitrogen Deprivation on Tomato Leaf Phenolics

Reducing the use of pesticides represents a major challenge of modern agriculture. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites such as polyphenols that participate in the resistance to parasites. The aim of this study was to test: (1) the impact of nitrogen deficiency on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf composition and more particularly on two phenolic molecules (chlorogenic acid and rutin) as well as on the general plant biomass; and (2) whether this effect continued after a return to normal nitrogen nutrition. Our results showed that plants deprived of nitrogen for 10 or 19 days contained higher levels of chlorogenic acid and rutin than control plants. In addition, this difference persisted when the plants were once again cultivated on a nitrogen-rich medium. These findings offer interesting perspectives on the use of a short period of deprivation to modulate the levels of compounds of interest in a plant

Étude de l'impact de la nutrition azotée et des conditions de culture sur le contenu en polyphénols chez la tomate

During my PhD we studied the effects of nitrate supply on tomato polyphenolics content. Several cultural systems were used (hydroponic, rockwool culture, NFT). We quantified the main tomato phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, rutine, kaempferol rutinoside in vegetative parts (leaf, stem, root), together with some caffeic acid derivates and naringenine chalcone in fruits. These compounds were analyses by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We noticed that leaves were the more responsive compartment of the plant, to the nutrition conditions. We observed a two-fold increase in polyphenolics concentrations when nitrate supply decrease from 15 to 0.05mM. We found, by drawing response curves, that this increase was more important when nitrate supply limited plant growth. Ten to 20 days seem necessary to observe a modification, at the plant level, of polyphenolics content. In tomato fruits, polyphenolics concentrations were modified by the nitrate supply, but we do not observed very significant increases. The effects of other environmental factors, such as climate conditions (light, temperature) were studied. Our results seem to indicate that climate is more important than nitrogen nutrition for the determination of the polyphenolic compounds concentrationsAu cours de ce travail de thèse nous avons étudié l'influence des apports en azote nitrique sur le contenu en polyphénols chez la tomate. Plusieurs dispositifs de culture hors sols ont été utilisés (hydroponie, laine de roche, NFT). Nous avons quantifié les principaux composés phénoliques de la tomate, à savoir : l'acide chlorogénique, la rutine, le kaempférol rutinoside dans les parties végétatives de la plante (limbe, tige et racine), ainsi que des dérivés de l'acide caféique et la naringénine chalcone dans les fruits. Ces composés ont été analysés par chromatographie liquide à haute performance. Nous avons observé que les limbes étaient le compartiment le plus sensible aux conditions de nutrition. Nous y avons observé une multiplication par deux des concentrations en polyphénols lors d'une diminution des apports en azote de 15 à 0.05mM NO3-. Nous avons mis en évidence, en établissant des courbes de réponses, que ces augmentations s'effectuaient de façon nettement plus importante dans des conditions de nutrition azotée limitante pour la croissance de la plante. Dix à 20 jours de carence ou de limitation semblent nécessaires pour obtenir une modification du contenu en polyphénols à l'échelle de la plante. Dans les fruits les concentrations en polyphénols ont été modifiées par le niveau de fertilisation azotée, mais nous n'avons pas mis en évidence d'augmentations très significatives. L'impact d'autres facteurs, comme les conditions climatiques (lumière et température) a également été pris en compte. Nos résultats semblent indiquer que les conditions climatiques régissent le contenu en polyphénols de manière plus importante que la nutrition azoté

Impact of Temporary Nitrogen Deprivation on Tomato Leaf Phenolics

Reducing the use of pesticides represents a major challenge of modern agriculture. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites such as polyphenols that participate in the resistance to parasites. The aim of this study was to test: (1) the impact of nitrogen deficiency on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf composition and more particularly on two phenolic molecules (chlorogenic acid and rutin) as well as on the general plant biomass; and (2) whether this effect continued after a return to normal nitrogen nutrition. Our results showed that plants deprived of nitrogen for 10 or 19 days contained higher levels of chlorogenic acid and rutin than control plants. In addition, this difference persisted when the plants were once again cultivated on a nitrogen-rich medium. These findings offer interesting perspectives on the use of a short period of deprivation to modulate the levels of compounds of interest in a plant

Effect of nitrogen nutrition and environmental growth conditions on tomato polyphenolics

Au cours de ce travail de thèse nous avons étudié l’influence des apports en azote nitrique sur le contenu en polyphénols chez la tomate. Plusieurs dispositifs de culture hors sols ont été utilisés (hydroponie, laine de roche, NFT). Nous avons quantifié les principaux composés phénoliques de la tomate, à savoir : l’acide chlorogénique, la rutine, le kaempférol rutinoside dans les parties végétatives de la plante (limbe, tige et racine), ainsi que des dérivés de l’acide caféique et la naringénine chalcone dans les fruits. Ces composés ont été analysés par chromatographie liquide à haute performance. Nous avons observé que les limbes étaient le compartiment le plus sensible aux conditions de nutrition. Nous y avons observé une multiplication par deux des concentrations en polyphénols lors d’une diminution des apports en azote de 15 à 0.05mM NO3-. Nous avons mis en évidence, en établissant des courbes de réponses, que ces augmentations s’effectuaient de façon nettement plus importante dans des conditions de nutrition azotée limitante pour la croissance de la plante. Dix à 20 jours de carence ou de limitation semblent nécessaires pour obtenir une modification du contenu en polyphénols à l’échelle de la plante. Dans les fruits les concentrations en polyphénols ont été modifiées par le niveau de fertilisation azotée, mais nous n’avons pas mis en évidence d’augmentations très significatives. L’impact d’autres facteurs, comme les conditions climatiques (lumière et température) a également été pris en compte. Nos résultats semblent indiquer que les conditions climatiques régissent le contenu en polyphénols de manière plus importante que la nutrition azotéeDuring my PhD we studied the effects of nitrate supply on tomato polyphenolics content. Several cultural systems were used (hydroponic, rockwool culture, NFT). We quantified the main tomato phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, rutine, kaempferol rutinoside in vegetative parts (leaf, stem, root), together with some caffeic acid derivates and naringenine chalcone in fruits. These compounds were analyses by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We noticed that leaves were the more responsive compartment of the plant, to the nutrition conditions. We observed a two-fold increase in polyphenolics concentrations when nitrate supply decrease from 15 to 0.05mM. We found, by drawing response curves, that this increase was more important when nitrate supply limited plant growth. Ten to 20 days seem necessary to observe a modification, at the plant level, of polyphenolics content. In tomato fruits, polyphenolics concentrations were modified by the nitrate supply, but we do not observed very significant increases. The effects of other environmental factors, such as climate conditions (light, temperature) were studied. Our results seem to indicate that climate is more important than nitrogen nutrition for the determination of the polyphenolic compounds concentration

Éléments constitutifs de la personnalité (Commentaire CA Versailles 30 juin 2021)

-rançongiciel- personne morale – préjudice matériel-préjudice moral- préjudice d’anxiété : non

Perte de la personnalité (Commentaire Cass. com. 21 avril 2022, 20-10809

Liquidation judiciaire – dissolution automatique- survie de la personnalité morale pendant la liquidation – annulation de cession de parts - restitution en natur

Société en formation -Absence de personnalité juridique – Acte de procédure - Irrégularité de fond - Cass. 2ème civ., 4 mars 2021, n°19-22.829

Société en formation -Absence de personnalité juridique – Acte de procédure - Irrégularité de fond - Cass. 2ème civ., 4 mars 2021, n°19-22.82