Gender and ICT in education : which Role for Textbook and Portals ? Results from the PREDIL European Project

ACTI Axe1ICT is not, like mathematics, a well-established school subject. How do pupils learn to use ICT instruments at home and at the school? How do they become familiar with them? Which role does play the school in this process? How does it cope with gender issues? In France, if a certification is proposed at different key stages of the curriculum (B2I, Brevet Informatique et Internet), ICT mainly appears, in lower secondary education. The subject Technologie is the main place where ICT is taught along with other technologies, in particular those used in the industrial field. In order to learn ICT-related facts, students may use textbooks, web sites and internet tools as pedagogical resources. We chose to analyze those resources, which are used by teachers and pupils, looking for possible gender stereotypes within the iconography and the exercises. The pedagogical resources we analyzed generally pay attention toward presenting gender-neutral resources

Risk factors associated with maternal satisfaction during childbirth: a retrospective cohort study

Résumé: Objectif: Les facteurs qui contribuent à la satisfaction maternelle de la prise en charge anesthésique pendant l'accouchement restent peu connus. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer ces facteurs. Méthode: Nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte rétrospective sur les parturientes admises entre janvier 2004 et décembre 2008. Nous avons extrait du dossier les données démographiques, les co-morbidités, les interventions anesthésiques et obstétricales réalisées, et différents éléments du vécu de l'anesthésie. La satisfaction maternelle a été mesurée au moyen d'une échelle numérique de 0 à 10 (0=pas satisfait du tout, 10=entièrement satisfait) 24h aprèsl'accouchement. Une valeur≤6 a été utilisée comme indiquant l'insatisfaction. Nous avons ainsi identifié dans une analyse multivariée les différents prédicteurs de la satisfaction maternelle, notamment la douleur, le vécu global de la technique, les délais d'attente et la présence de complications anesthésiques, obstétricales ou néonatales. Résultats: Des 15 386 parturientes admises, 10 034 avaient un dossier complet et de ce nombre, 761 (7,6 %) étaient insatisfaites de leur prise en charge. Parmi les facteurs diminuant la satisfaction, on retrouvait la grossesse à risque [rapport de cotes (RC): 0,59 et intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 %: 0,34-1,02] et l'accouchement difficile [RC (IC95 %): 0,62 (0,52-0,74)]. La douleur, le vécu global négatif de l'intervention, le retard, la mauvaise coordination dans la prise en charge et la présence de complications diminuaient la satisfaction [RC (IC95 %): 0,07 à 0,71]; P<0,001. Conclusion: La satisfaction maternelle de l'anesthésie est largement déterminée par l'efficacité et le bon déroulement de l'intervention tant sur le plan technique qu'humain. Néanmoins d'autres facteurs tels que la bonne coordination de la prise en charge des parturientes et l'absence de complications influencent également la satisfactio

L’informatique comme objet d’enseignement à l’école primaire française ? Mise en perspective historique

L’article propose une synthèse à caractère historique sur la prise en compte institutionnelle de l’informatique comme objet d’enseignement à l’école primaire en France, révélant une série de changements de cap des autorités pédagogiques. L’objet essentiel d’un enseignement de l’informatique serait actuellement l’acquisition d’une pensée informatique. L’article propose une revue des différentes orientations épistémologiques ayant donné lieu à des recherches et des réalisations pour développer cette pensée : le langage LOGO et son successeur SCRATCH, la robotique pédagogique, l’informatique dite débranchée. Les problèmes liés à la formation des maîtres sont également abordés.This paper aims to present a historical synthesis on how the French educational system has included informatics as a subject of primary school teaching. It documents the fact that educational authorities have changed directions several times, with the current purpose of teaching informatics being to allow children to develop computational thinking. We focus on the epistemological orientations underlying this form of thought, from LOGO, back in the eighties, to its distant heir SCRATCH, taking also into account educational robotics and unplugged informatics. We finally discuss issues linked with teacher education

L'Estuaire (65)

Éditorial: La relance de la revue de l'Estuaire: 15 ans déjà! -- Le chemin de fer et le tourisme au Bas-Saint-Laurent -- Les dames Drapeau -- Histoire oubliée: Une étrange odyssée...des Madelinots s'établissent sur l'Île Nepawa (Abitibi) en 1941 -- Étude démographique de la population de Rimouski 1701-1750 -- Sur la piste des forêts du passé -- Mgr Courchesne: la récupération des forêts pour la colonisation -- Joseph-Pierre Ouellet, 2e architecte de l'église de Trois-Pistoles -- La seigneurie de l'Anse-aux-Coques ou de Lepage-Thivierge -- Nouvelles brèves -- Livres à lir

Ariane Mnouchkine

Ariane Mnouchkine Why a Theatre Laboratory? It  includes the programme of a three days’ international symposium from October 4th through 6th 2004. This is the first initiative taken by the Centre for Theatre Laboratory Studies (CTLS), a newly inaugurated centre under Aarhus University in cooperation with Nordisk Teaterlaboratorium. Peripeti include articles on Stanislavski, Meyerhold, Copeau, Decroux, Grotowski, Peter Brook, Théâtre du Soleil, and Odin Teatret and the theatre laboratory praxis of these masters and inventors, including, of course, reflections on their function and effect. In the last article, Eugenio Barba reflects on the creative process of Odin Teatret over the last 40 years. In addition, we also include the curriculum vitae on those participating in the symposium. The occasion of the symposium is to celebrate the 40th anniversary in October 2004 of Nordisk Teaterlaboratorium/Odin Teatret. Congratulations

L'Estuaire, vol. 25 (1)

Éditorial -- Sainte-Luce: refuge d'un incorruptible -- Le "Vocabulaire micmac" de Joseph Hamel. L'histoire d'une cueillette de données linguistiques. Partie 2: qui est Joseph Hamel? -- La famille Desrosiers dans la région de Rimouski au XVIIIe siècle. Partie 1: implantation dans la seigneurie de Rimouski -- Les trésors du grenier -- L'année des Français -- Un grand marin gaspésien. Le capitaine Paul M. Fournier -- Matane dans les relations de voyage de Champlain: un 375e anniversaire -- La naissance d'une petite paroisse au coeur de La Mitis: le cas de Sainte-Flavie -- Nouvelles brèves -- Des livres à lire

A volcaniclastic deep-sea fan off La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean): Gradualism versus catastrophism

International audienceA new geophysical data set off La Réunion Island (western Indian Ocean) reveals a large volcaniclastic submarine fan developing in an open-ocean setting. The fan is connected to a torrential river that floods during tropical cyclones. Sediment storage at the coast is limited, suggesting that the sediments are carried directly to the basin. The fan morphology and turbidites in cores lead us to classify it as a sand-rich system mainly fed by hyperpycnal flows. In the ancient geological record, there are many examples of thick volcaniclastic successions, but studies of modern analogues have emphasized mechanisms such as debris avalanches or direct pyroclastic flow into the sea. Because the Cilaos deep-sea fan is isolated from any continental source, it provides information on architecture and noncatastrophic processes in a volcaniclastic deep-sea fan

Template-free 13-protofilament microtubule–MAP assembly visualized at 8 A resolution

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are essential for regulating and organizing cellular microtubules (MTs). However, our mechanistic understanding of MAP function is limited by a lack of detailed structural information. Using cryo-electron microscopy and single particle algorithms, we solved the 8 Å structure of doublecortin (DCX)-stabilized MTs. Because of DCX’s unusual ability to specifically nucleate and stabilize 13-protofilament MTs, our reconstruction provides unprecedented insight into the structure of MTs with an in vivo architecture, and in the absence of a stabilizing drug. DCX specifically recognizes the corner of four tubulin dimers, a binding mode ideally suited to stabilizing both lateral and longitudinal lattice contacts. A striking consequence of this is that DCX does not bind the MT seam. DCX binding on the MT surface indirectly stabilizes conserved tubulin–tubulin lateral contacts in the MT lumen, operating independently of the nucleotide bound to tubulin. DCX’s exquisite binding selectivity uncovers important insights into regulation of cellular MTs

High Performance of Histidine-Rich Protein 2 Based Rapid Diagnostic Tests in French Guiana are Explained by the Absence of pfhrp2 Gene Deletion in P. falciparum

BACKGROUND: Care for malaria patients in endemic areas has been improved through the increasing use of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). Most RDTs target the histidine-rich protein-2 antigen (PfHRP2) to detect P. falciparum, as it is abundant and shows great heat stability. However, their use in South America has been widely questioned following a recent publication that pinpoints the high prevalence of Peruvian field isolates lacking the gene encoding this protein. In the remote rural health centers of French Guiana, RDTs are the main diagnosis tools. Therefore, a study of PfHRP2 RDT performances and pfhrp2 genotyping was conducted to determine whether a replacement of the current pLDH-based kit could be considered. METHODS: The performance study compared the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® kit with the current gold standard diagnosis by microscopy. The prevalence of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions were evaluated from 221 P. falciparum isolates collected between 2009 and 2011 in French Guiana. RESULTS: Between January 2010 and August 2011, 960 suspected cases of malaria were analyzed using microscopy and RDTs. The sensitivity of the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® for detection of P. falciparum was 96.8% (95% CI: 90.9-99.3), and 86.0% (95% CI: 78.9-91.5) for the detection of P. vivax. No isolates (95% CI: 0-4.5) lacking either exon of the pfhrp2 gene were identified among the 221 P. falciparum isolates analyzed, but 7.4% (95% CI: 2.8-15.4) lacked the exon 2 part of the pfhrp3 gene. CONCLUSIONS: Field isolates lacking either exon of the pfhrp2 gene are absent in this western part of South America. Despite its sensibility to detect P. vivax, the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® kit is a satisfying alternative to microscopy in remote health centers, where it is difficult to provide highly skilled microscopists and to maintain the necessary equipment

Baseline integrase drug resistance mutations and conserved regions across HIV-1 clades in Cameroon: implications for transition to dolutegravir in resource-limited settings

Background: Transition to dolutegravir-based regimens in resource-limited settings (RLS) requires prior understanding of HIV-1 integrase variants and conserved regions. Therefore, we evaluated integrase drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and conserved regions amongst integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-naive patients harbouring diverse HIV-1 clades in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 918 INSTI-naive patients from Cameroon (89 ART-naive and 829 ART-experienced patients). HIV-1 sequences were interpreted regarding INSTI-DRMs using the Stanford HIVdb v8.9-1 and the 2019 IAS-USA list. Amino acid positions with &lt;1% variability were considered as highly conserved. Subtyping was performed by phylogeny. Results: Overall prevalence (95% CI) of INSTI-DRMs was 0.8% (0.4-1.7), with 0.0% (0.0-4.0) amongst ART-naive versus 0.9% (0.5-1.9) amongst ART-experienced patients; P = 0.44. Accessory mutations (95% CI) were found in 33.8% (30.9-37.0), with 38.2% (28.1-49.1) amongst ART-naive versus 33.4% (30.4-36.7) amongst ART-experienced patients; P = 0.21. Of 288 HIV-1 integrase amino acid positions, 58.3% were highly conserved across subtypes in the following major regions: V75-G82, E85-P90, H114-G118, K127-W132, E138-G149, Q168-L172, T174-V180, W235-A239 and L241-D253. Wide genetic diversity was found (37 clades), including groups M (92.3%), N (1.4%), O (6.2%) and P (0.1%). Amongst group M, CRF02_AG was predominant (47.4%), with a significantly higher frequency (95% CI) of accessory mutations compared with non-AG [41.4% (36.8-46.0) versus 27.1% (23.3-31.2) respectively; P &lt; 0.001]. Conclusions: The low baseline of INSTI-DRMs (&lt;1%) in Cameroon suggests effectiveness of dolutegravir-based regimens. In spite of high conservation across clades, the variability of accessory mutations between major circulating strains underscores the need for monitoring the selection of INSTI-DRMs while scaling up dolutegravir-based regimens in RLS