the example of resource use in ICT products

Information and communication technology (ICT) products are one telling example for increasingly globalized production and consumption patterns and resulting distributional effects on a global scale. Consumption, which still takes place primarily in ‘Northern’ countries, is connected to a flow of valuable resources from developing countries to the industrialized world and at the same time leads to increasing environmental and social pressures mostly in developing states, where environmental costs are not internalized. For example, the mining of rare materials that are crucial for the production of electronic devices often involves poor working conditions and high environmental impacts; or an increasing quantity of electronic waste is exported to developing states where disposal and recycling takes place under dire working and health conditions. Both phenomena imply shifts of environmental burdens into developing countries. Therefore, the paper touches issues of international justice and equity. It deals with the questions how ‘Northern’ countries can cope with the issue of transboundary environmental problems, which are caused by their domestic consumption, but which appear outside their own territory and outside their authoritative reach. It will be argued that achieving a more resource efficient society and economy would be one way to deal with this problem. Drawing on an analysis of the main obstacles on the way towards higher resource efficiency, and using the example of ICT-products, the paper offers concrete policy proposals. In order to gain better knowledge about global material flows and the material input (incl. 'ecological rucksacks') per product, the implementation of information obligations following the 'No Data, No Market' principle could be a promising approach. On this information basis, dynamic standards and green public procurement could foster the production and consumption of resource efficient ICT-products. This policy mix of both supply- and demand-side instruments would have the potential to minimize translocated environmental burdens

a survey of positions and expectations of civil society organisations in six European countries on the green economy

This report presents findings from an online survey and a number of expert interviews on the perspectives of European civil society on Sustainable Development and the Green Economy in the run-up to the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development. The survey was sent out to civil society organisations in six selected European countries to gain a better understanding of their views on specific aspects of the Green Economy concept. In addition to this, the data analysis allows the authors to compare respondents’ answers across different groups of civil society as well as between countries. The survey questions range from the definitional aspects of what the Green Economy is and what its elements are to the conflict dimensions identified in the first part of the study as well as the risks and opportunities seen in the Green Economy. Finally, it includes the questions what role governments should take and what policy and financing instruments should be used more widely in the transition to the Green Economy

Green economy discourses in the Run-Up to Rio 2012

The study analyses central contributions to the debate on the concept of a Green Economy in the run-up to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. It does so by identifying the pillars on which the various understandings of a green economy are based as well as analysing policy concepts published and statements made. It concludes that currently there are three distinguishable discourses on the green economy and that the political challenge for the Rio+20 conference will lie in building bridges between these different understanding to build a consensus. A central role for the EESC is seen in supporting the EU’s role as a role model and helping to build the bridges and adapt the concept in other countries

The analysis of collective mindsets: Introducing a New Method of Institutional Analysis in Comparative Research

This article presents a specific qualitative method – the Collective Mindset Analysis (CMA) – that is applicable within the frame of institutional analysis to map the cognitive and normative institutions at work. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the method and its methodology as well. The paper will elaborate on how the method is applied to international research and will provide concrete examples drawn from a bigger research project on economic elites in eleven countries. It will demonstrate the steps of interpretation of interview material from this project with the help of CMA, using concrete text sequences. The sequences have been extracted from interviews with Brazilian top managers that were conducted in the context of an international research project. The paper will show, how an institutional approach, that is relying on the sociology of knowledge, can be supported by a method, that helps to reconstruct the cognitive and normative rules in a given culture and to analyze, how these rules are translated in action orientations to solve culturally significant problems. Thus, the method can be a remedy for the shortcomings of institutional analysis in mapping and comparing the knowledge stocks in different cultures and a new tool in international comparative research

Testing the stress of higher status hypothesis. Variation of occupational stress among physicians and nurses at a German university hospital

Studies show especially for the UK and the US that physicians experience more occupational stress than nurses. It has also been shown that a higher status within the medical and nursing hierarchy is associated with less occupational stress. Our study's aim is to examine whether these results also can be found in the context of the German university hospital sector. Thus, we test the stress of higher status hypothesis in and between the occupational groups of nurses and physicians at a German university hospital. Based on two cross-section surveys in the years of 2016 and 2019 this paper compares the perceived level of occupational stress between physicians (n = 588) and nurses (n = 735). Perceived levels of occupational stress-measured via the effort-reward imbalance model and the job demand-control model-are differentiated by status positions within and between both occupational groups. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test) are used to test the stress of higher status hypothesis. Contrary to the stress of higher status hypothesis, our main result is that physicians and nurses perceive similar levels of occupational stress. Furthermore, within each hierarchy the perceived degree of work stress decreases with increasing status for both groups. Our main conclusion is that the stress of higher status hypothesis must be rejected in the German university hospital context and the competing resources of higher status hypothesis must be assumed. The findings can be explained by the unique relationship between physicians and nurses and the role of New Public Management in the German hospital sector

Finding Qs: Profiling QAnon Supporters on Parler

The social media platform "Parler" has emerged into a prominent fringe community where a significant part of the user base are self-reported supporters of QAnon, a far-right conspiracy theory alleging that a cabal of elites controls global politics. QAnon is considered to have had an influential role in the public discourse during the 2020 U.S. presidential election. However, little is known about QAnon supporters on Parler and what sets them aside from other users. Building up on social identity theory, we aim at profiling the characteristics of QAnon supporters on Parler. We analyze a large-scale dataset with more than 600,000 profiles of English-speaking users on Parler. Based on users' profiles, posts, and comments, we then extract a comprehensive set of user features, linguistic features, network features, and content features. This allows us to perform user profiling and understand to what extent these features discriminate between QAnon and non-QAnon supporters on Parler. Our analysis is three-fold: (1) We quantify the number of QAnon supporters on Parler, finding that 34,913 users (5.5% of all users) openly report to support the conspiracy. (2) We examine differences between QAnon vs. non-QAnon supporters. We find that QAnon supporters differ statistically significantly from non-QAnon supporters across multiple dimensions. For example, they have, on average, a larger number of followers, followees, and posts, and thus have a large impact on the Parler network. (3) We use machine learning to identify which user characteristics discriminate QAnon from non-QAnon supporters. We find that user features, linguistic features, network features, and content features, can - to a large extent - discriminate QAnon vs. non-QAnon supporters on Parler. In particular, we find that user features are highly discriminatory, followed by content features and linguistic features.Comment: Accepted at the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM, 2023

Russian propaganda on social media during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 was accompanied by a large-scale propaganda campaign. Here, we analyze the spread of Russian propaganda on social media. For this, we collected N = 349,455 messages from Twitter with pro-Russian content. Our findings suggest that pro-Russian messages were mainly disseminated through a systematic, coordinated propaganda campaign. Overall, pro-Russian content received ~251,000 retweets and thereby reached around 14.4 million users, primarily in countries such as India, South Africa, and the United States. We further provide evidence that bots played a disproportionate role in the dissemination of propaganda and amplified its proliferation. Overall, 20.28% of the spreaders are classified as bots, most of which were created in the beginning of the invasion. Together, our results highlight the new threats to society that originate from coordinated propaganda campaigns on social media in modern warfare. Our results also suggest that curbing bots may be an effective strategy to mitigate such campaigns

Autonomieverlust der Medizin? Zum Strukturwandel moderner Großkrankenhäuser in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz

Der Beitrag untersucht im Ländervergleich zwischen Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, inwiefern sich die Strukturen der großen Krankenhäuser in Richtung einer Ökonomisierung, verstanden als zunehmende Geltung von Wirtschaftlichkeitskriterien, verändern. Der mögliche Autonomieverlust der Medizin durch betriebswirtschaftliches Management und betriebswirtschaftliche Effizienzprinzipien infolge dieser institutionellen Weichenstellungen kann Folgen für die Konstellation in den Arbeitsbeziehungen im Krankenhaus zeitigen. Auf Basis von Struktur-, Lebensverlaufs- und Inhaltsanalysen lässt sich erkennen, dass die Veränderung der institutionellen Verfasstheit der Großkrankenhäuser und der Leitungs- und Qualifikationsstrukturen je nach länderspezifischem Kontext unterschiedlich stark dafür sorgen, dass der konservative Pfad durchbrochen wird und die institutionellen Weichenstellungen in Richtung zunehmender Ökonomisierung zeigen: in der Schweiz am weitreichendsten, in Österreich am geringsten.A comparative study of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the article discusses the question of how far current changes in public hospitals have induced a shift towards commodification and managerialism. As a consequence of the increasing importance of management, business and efficiency principles, resulting in a decline in medicine's autonomy, labour relations in hospitals are likely to be effected. Based on structural analysis, life course analysis and content analysis the findings indicate how changes in the management and qualification structure of large hospitals have resulted in them abandoning their conservative path. To varying degrees commodification is modifying the institutional structures of large hospitals in all three countries. Whilst Switzerland can be shown to be setting the commodification pace, such a process has had the least impact in Austria

Occurrence, synthesis and applications of natural and designed [3.3.3]propellanes

The synthetically challenging [3.3.3]propellane core has caught a lot of attention over the last 50 years. This comprehensive review details all synthetic strategies reported in the period 1978–2019 to facilitate the synthesis of carbocyclic [3.3.3]propellanes. The described strategies span from acid-catalyzed rearrangements and photo-mediated cycloadditions of ketones, heteropropellanes and dispiroundecanes to thermal rearrangements of acetylenes and alkenes. Other approaches, such as radical reactions with halogenated alkenes, domino cyclizations, the smart use of epoxide-carbonyl rearrangements and intramolecular palladium-catalyzed ring contractions are discussed as well. A special section is dedicated to triptindanes, a subclass of [3.3.3]propellanes which are of interest to material sciences

Online Emotions During the Storming of the U.S. Capitol: Evidence from the Social Media Network Parler

The storming of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021 has led to the killing of 5 people and is widely regarded as an attack on democracy. The storming was largely coordinated through social media networks such as Twitter and "Parler". Yet little is known regarding how users interacted on Parler during the storming of the Capitol. In this work, we examine the emotion dynamics on Parler during the storming with regard to heterogeneity across time and users. For this, we segment the user base into different groups (e.g., Trump supporters and QAnon supporters). We use affective computing to infer the emotions in content, thereby allowing us to provide a comprehensive assessment of online emotions. Our evaluation is based on a large-scale dataset from Parler, comprising of 717,300 posts from 144,003 users. We find that the user base responded to the storming of the Capitol with an overall negative sentiment. Akin to this, Trump supporters also expressed a negative sentiment and high levels of unbelief. In contrast to that, QAnon supporters did not express a more negative sentiment during the storming. We further provide a cross-platform analysis and compare the emotion dynamics on Parler and Twitter. Our findings point at a comparatively less negative response to the incidents on Parler compared to Twitter accompanied by higher levels of disapproval and outrage. Our contribution to research is three-fold: (1) We identify online emotions that were characteristic of the storming; (2) we assess emotion dynamics across different user groups on Parler; (3) we compare the emotion dynamics on Parler and Twitter. Thereby, our work offers important implications for actively managing online emotions to prevent similar incidents in the future