Procesos morfogenéticos y evolución reciente de los depósitos prodeltaicos del sureste de la Península Ibérica: aplicaciones de modelos matemáticos

El carácter multidisciplar de esta tesis doctoral queda reflejada en el apoyo recíproco que se dan las dos áreas de la ciencia implicadas en dicha tesis: la Geología Marina y las Matemáticas Aplicadas. De este modo, la Geología Marina se apoya en los modelos matemáticos para alcanzar una mejor comprensión de los sistemas prodeltaicos. El estudio y observación del medio permite la construcción de modelos matemáticos que luego deben alimentarse con datos provenientes de dichas observaciones. Por otro lado, los modelos ayudarán a la comprensión de los procesos de sedimentación y servirán para la predicción para distintas condiciones ambientales. El análisis de los rasgos morfológicos, sedimentarios y estratigráficos de los sistemas prodeltaicos del sureste de la Península Ibérica han demostrado que estos depósitos presentan una gran complejidad en su génesis y en su desarrollo, de forma que no pueden ser explicados desde clasificaciones, categorizaciones o modelos univariantes o de pocas variables. Sino que son el resultado de la interacción de múltiples variables y factores que pueden estar o no, interrelaccionados tanto en el tiempo como en el espacio. Se ha demostrado que tanto el caudal como la pendiente de la cuenca emisora y receptora de sedimentos tienen un papel clave en el desarrollo del sistema prodeltaico, tanto a escala de depósito como de morfologías menores. La relación entre el tipo de aporte, sus condiciones energéticas, el régimen oceanográfico, el contexto geológico y fisiográfico y la influencia de la actividad humana, controlan la sedimentación en el sistema deltaico y en sus áreas adyacentes. Esto nos lleva a diferenciar con claridad las características de los sistemas deltaicos relacionadas con los grandes ríos y los asociados a ramblas y pequeños ríos. Las morfologías tanto de los sistemas deltaicos a escala de depósito, incluyendo la zona emergida y sumergida, como aquellas de menor escala, reflejan las condiciones energéticas de cada uno de estos sistemas y de sus cuencas asociadas. El modelo estratigráfico propone que el registro sedimentario puede ser dividido en dos cortejos sedimentarios y varias unidades sísmicas que reflejan que el sistema deltaico se rige por cambios climaticos de 6º orden. Así, las fases constructivas tienen una duración milenaria, lo que implica que la evolución de estos depósitos está regida por oscilaciones climaticas y ambientales de muy alta frecuencia por debajo de esta escala milenaria. En concreto, en el sistema deltaico del Río Adra (Almería) también se observa como la influencia antrópica ha condicionado su evolución, mediante el cambio de los lugares de la desembocadura y con la construcción de presas en el cauce del río. Los modelos matematicos han demostrado ser una herramienta muy útil en diversas partes de este trabajo. Queda fuera de toda duda la utilidad de los modelos hidrodinámicos aplicados al estudio de las corrientes costeras y sus efectos. En este trabajo han servido para estimar tensiones de arrastre en el fondo que se han utilizado para una mejor comprensión de la distribución de los sedimentos en el área de estudio. Por otro lado, los modelos de flujos hiperpicnales nos han proporcionado una información muy importante sobre la variables más determinantes en la formación y evolución de los sistemas prodeltaicos. Se ha concluido, que es de enorme interés serguir trabajando sobre este tipo de modelos, aumentando su capacidad para poder reproducir los fenómenos que tienen lugar en la naturaleza, ya sea mejorando parametrizaciones, como en particular hemos hecho en este trabajo, ya sea proponiendo otro tipo de avances, como la inclusión de los efectos de las corrientes costeras, el oleaje, diversos efectos verticales, etc

The influence of basin slope and fluvial flow on deltaic built-up processes off mountainous, seasonal rivers

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Evolución de los deltas submarinos de los ríos Guadalfeo y Adra en respuesta a las variaciones de los aportes sedimentarios

The Guadalfeo and the Adra submarine deltas off the northern coast of the Alboran Sea have been built up under the direct influence of short and mountainous rivers. The area is subjected to strong climatic seasonality, with sporadic winter torrential floods and high summer aridity. In addition numerous anthropogenic activities have affected these systems, mostly during the last two centuries. In order to decode the influence of climatic variability and anthropogenic impacts on sediment supplies during the recent past, five sediment cores were collected from the Guadalfeo and Adra submarine deltas. Benthic foraminiferal and sedimentological analyses, combined with radiocarbon dating, were performed. The impact of torrential floods alternating with periods of low rainfall or dry periods were recorded in the Adra and Guadalfeo prodeltas. Periods with low abundance of benthic foraminifera and high amounts of coarse-grained sediments, were interpreted as the result of enhanced sediment supply to the shelf triggered by major flood events. On the other hand, periods with high amounts of fine-grained sediments and high abundances of colonizers and opportunistic foraminiferal species indicate the establishment of new environments with distinct ecological constraints. These environments were driven by lower sediment supplies during low rainfall or dry periods. The most recent sedimentation seems to reflect the human interventions in the rivers basins, such as deviation of the main river courses and dams construction, which reduced the sediment input and promoted the deposition of shallow-water submarine deltas.Versión del edito

The evolution of the Guadalfeo submarine delta (northern Alboran Sea) during the last ca. 200 years

The Guadalfeo submarine delta is located on the northern Alboran Sea shelf in the western Mediterranean Sea. The sedimentary dynamics of the deltaic system is governed by the discharge of one of the major rivers in this area draining the western sector of the near-coastal Sierra Nevada Mountains. The area is under the influence of a Mediterranean climate, with high spatial and temporal (i.e., inter- and intra-annual) rain variability. Major anthropogenic forcing affected the river system during the 1930’s, with the deviation of the main river channel 2.5 km to the west, to its present position. More recently, the construction of Béznar (1977-1985) and Rules (1993-2003) dams have also contributed to limit the amount of sediments exported to the deltaic system. In order to understand the interaction between river discharges and the evolution of the submarine delta at different timescales, sediment cores were collected off the ancient (core 13) and present-day (cores12 and 15) river courses. A chronological framework was performed and combined with sedimentological and benthic foraminiferal analyses. Radiocarbon dating of plant debris from the base of the cores indicates that the sedimentary record goes back 200 years. In core 13, the variations between coarse and fine fractions along the core and the upward increase of benthic foraminiferal population density, would indicate that deposition possibly occurred until the deviation of the main river course to its present position. In the lower part of core 12, the strong alternation between coarse and fine sediment textures and the variable amounts of benthic foraminiferal species are interpreted as the result of an active fluvial regime. The upper part, with high percentages of fine sediments and high values of population density, could be attributed to the stabilization of the river course in its present-day location. Core 15, located at 11 m water depth, showed the highest content of gravel in the lower part of the core, high contents of silt at two core depths and increased percentages of sand to the top, indicating the strong influence of human interventions in the river basin and consequent changes in the sediment supply to the Guadalfeo submarine delta.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relationship between the offlap-break location of Holocene prograding wedges on wave climate in southeastern Iberian Peninsula

Wave climate exerts a significant influence on the development of Holocene sedimentary prograding wedges. This is demonstrated by the fact that near-bed orbital velocities between 0.10 and 0.14 m/s (threshold for resuspension) occur in the vicinity of the infralittoral prograding wedges (IPW) offlap-breaks during storm-weather conditions, but during medium wave energy conditions in the case of prodeltaic wedges

Multi-proxy evidence of rainfall variability recorded in subaqueous deltaic deposits off the Adra River, southeast Iberian Peninsula

The Adra River deltaic system, southeast Iberian Peninsula, shows a steep topography and is subjected to strong climatic seasonality. This system has been affected by alternating wet and dry periods, and it has also undergone numerous anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, mining activities, river channel deviations and dam construction, particularly during the last two centuries. Two sediment cores were retrieved off the Adra River, from the western (MS_V9) and eastern (MS_V4) lobes of the subaqueous deltaic deposit. A multi-proxy study was carried out, including grain size, benthic foraminiferal assemblages, magnetic susceptibility and geochemical element analyses, in order to understand the sedimentary expression of recent climatic cycles and anthropogenic interventions in the river basin. Periods of increased deposition of coarse-grained sediments, low absolute abundance of benthic foraminifera and high elemental ratios indicative of terrigenous contributions, were interpreted as periods of increased sediment supply to the shelf. Four flooding events were recorded in core MS_V9 and three events on core MS_V4, of which two were observed in both cores. They were related to periods with major floods that were documented on the southern Iberian Peninsula around 1770e1810 and 1860 e1870 AD. On the other hand, sediment core intervals exhibiting increasing proportion of fine-grained sediments and higher abundances of foraminiferal species assigned as successful colonizers (Textularia earlandi) and opportunistic species that feed on bacteria or terrestrial organic matter (Bolivina ordinaria, Bulimina elongata, Eggerelloides scaber and Ammonia beccarii or tepida), indicate the establishment of new environments with new ecological constraints. They were related to significant decreases of terrigenous sediment input during low rainfall or dry periods. The increase of opportunistic species feeding on fresh phytodetritus (Nonionella iridea, Nonionella stella, Nonionella sp., Brizalina dilatata, Epistominella vitrea and Bolivinellina pseudopuntata), under more stable environmental conditions, also point to a stronger marine influence on the prodeltaic environments during these periods. The human interventions on the river basin after 1872 AD, with the deviation of the main river channel to the east, led to a drastic reduction of the sediment exported to the western delta lobe. This study showed that the sedimentation on the Adra subaqueous deltaic deposit was mainly controlled by rainfall variability from 1663 to 1872 AD, and afterwards by anthropogenic interventions.En prensa2,247

Submarine deltaic geometries linked to steep, mountainous drainage basins in the northern shelf of the Alboran Sea: Filling the gaps in the spectrum of deltaic deposition

A comprehensive analysis of small deltaic environments linked to short, mountainous, and seasonal fluvial systems in the northern shelf of the Alboran Sea was undertaken in order to define the controlling parameters of the geomorphological variability. The database includes multibeam and backscatter imagery, surficial sediment samples, and high-resolution seismic profiles. Additionally, geomorphological and hydrodynamic modeling and statistical analysis (principal component and cluster analysis) of hydrological and physiographic variables were performed.Most of the studied deltaic systems have high-gradient, coarse-grained deposits with preferential development of the submarine portions to the detriment of the deltaic plains. The geomorphological analysis identified three basic types of plan-viewdistributions according to the length-to-width ratios: elongate, linguoid and lobate. Cross-slope profiles evidence dominant concave-upward geometries, fewer occurrences of planar geometries, and no sigmoid profiles. Sediment depocenters are extremely thick in proximal locations, but thin out rapidly seawards. The geometric distribution patterns of the deltaic systems are characterized by a predictable pattern in plan-view according to the type of fluvial system, ranging from a relatively large river to ephemeral creeks. Prevailing concave and secondary planar profiles support strong sediment progradation in the submarine realmand lowsediment retention in the emerged deltaic environment. Two different types of systems are distinguished: (1) larger rivers,where deltaic deposition is largely controlled by basin dimensions, ultimately dictating themagnitude of water and sediment discharges; and (2) smaller rivers and creeks,where deltaic geometries are related to the basin slopes. The influence of hydrodynamic variables on defining the submarine deltaic geometry has been observed in the case of concave-upward geometries, where geomorphological boundaries are defined by medium- and high-energy wave conditions.Versión del editor2,520

El papel de los flujos de turbidez en la morfología y formación de las ondulaciones del fondo del mar en los prodeltas del Mediterráneo occidental: comparación entre las simulaciones numéricas y los datos reales

Las simulaciones numéricas de las corrientes de turbidez en zonas deltaicas se han usado para estudiar la morfología y la formación de las ondulaciones de los sistemas prodeltaicos del Mediterráneo occidental. Una serie de ondulaciones del fondo del mar elongadas y subparalelas a las líneas batimétricas se sitúan sobre los dominios medio y distal de las cuñas prodeltaicas asociadas a los ríos que desembocan en el margen norte del Mar de Alborán. En este estudio se han usado datos reales de ecosonda multihaz y muestras de sedimentos superficiales para su comparación con simulaciones numéricas, con el objetivo de proponer un modelo evolutivo de estas ondulaciones del fondo del mar. La morfología de las ondas está relacionada con variables del caudal de los sistemas fluviales y de la pendiente del fondo marino, y se comprueba tanto en datos de campo como en simulaciones matemáticas que para caudales altos y pendientes moderadas o bajas, las ondulaciones son anchas, largas, altas y puntiagudas. En cuanto al modelo evolutivo, se observa tanto en las simulaciones numéricas como en el registro sedimentario que las ondulaciones migran pendiente arriba durante su evolución, lo que nos lleva a pensar que estas formas son similares a antidunas asociadas con corrientes de turbidez descritas por otros autores. Por tanto, estas ondulaciones se pueden caracterizar como formas de fondo rítmicas que: a) están asociadas a un flujo supercrítico (número de Froude >1); y b) tienen una migración pendiente arriba. Esto es debido al salto hidráulico que se produce en el límite proximal y distal de las ondulaciones, de forma que en la parte proximal el flujo es subcrítico, produciéndose sedimentación neta, y en el límite distal el flujo es supercrítico, y por lo tanto, domina la erosión, por lo que el campo de ondulaciones migra pendiente arriba. Este modelo propuesto se observa tanto en las simulaciones numéricas como en los datos de campo