Quality of tectona grandis for sawn wood production

Forestry companies have invested in genetic improvement to increase wood production in a shorter amount of time. Thus, studies are needed to compare the properties of clonal and seminal wood materials.  The objective of this study was to analyze physical and mechanical properties of Tectona grandis from clonal (C1 and C2) and seminal (S) origin and evaluate the yield and quality of sawn wood subjected to outdoor and oven drying. Genetic material was collected from six, 15-year-old trees. Clone C2 presented the lowest amount of bark, and 51 % heartwood up to half the commercial height, while the heartwood of C1 and S went up to 25 % of the height. The three materials did not differ statistically for maximum angular deviation, pith eccentricity, basic density, Janka hardness, anisotropy, commercial income of sawn wood and the presence of knots. After the drying processes, the bowing and crooking indexes were less than 5 mm.m-1, however, the seminal material showed a higher cracking incidence after outdoor and oven drying. In conclusion, the wood properties of the three materials are similar. In addition, the oven drying process is recommended

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF EUCALYPTUS AND CORYMBIA WOOD

The properties of wood influence its use as a final product, so it is essential to know their relation and influence on the quality of preservation. In this sense, for the present study we aim at the determination of the physical properties of Corymbia citriodora [Eucalyptus citriodora Hook]; Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. x Eucalyptus grandis, and the quality of the preservative treatment with CCA-C in an autoclave. We determined diameter, heartwood and sapwood percentages, and their relationship, as well as the basic density for the three genetic materials. The quality of the preservation was evaluated through the area treated and not treated by CCA, besides its penetration and retention. The highest proportion of sapwood, treated area, and highest density value was found in C. citriodora, whereas the hybrid E. camaldulensis x E. grandis presented the highest level of CCA retention. The diameter and density showed the highest correlation with CCA retention in wood, the length and moisture of the small logs also shown to be influential. All clones presented satisfactory chemical treatment quality for use as fence posts

PROPERTIES OF TEAK WOOD INFECTED BY Ceratocystis fimbriata

In Brazil, the growth of Tectona grandis (teak) plantations is accompanied by an increased incidence of Ceratocystis wilt, a fungal disease that colonizes the vascular system of such tree. The objective of this work was to evaluate the properties of teak wood infected with Ceratocystis fimbriata at different radial positions. Ten 17-year-old trees (five infected and five healthy) were collected. A disk was removed from the base of each tree to determine Janka hardness, basic density, anatomical analysis, colorimetric parameters in the CIEL*a*b* system and sodium hydroxide solubility (NaOH). There were no significant differences for radial position and health for basic density and Janka hardness of the wood, with mean values of 0.488 g.cm3 and 58.66 MPa, respectively. The deposition of dark compounds was observed inside the parenchyma cells and fibers, as well as the formation of tyloses in the sapwood. Yellow pigment was predominant in the color formation of teak wood, which was influenced by radial position, with the sapwood being lighter. Regarding C. fimbriata infection, the color change was more evident in sapwood. Conversely, the NaOH solubility was lower for the sapwood attacked by the fungus. In conclusion, the changes in teak wood infected by C. fimbriata are visual and the anatomical structures do not deteriorate

Contribuição ao processo de identificação de madeiras utilizadas em edifícios históricos: Aplicação no “Casarão da Rua Sete de Setembro” em Cuiabá, MT

The preservation of buildings that make up Brazil's historical heritage, has historical and cultural importance. Wood, one of the most common building materials, is subject to deterioration. Thus, the correct identification of wood, through macroscopic and microscopic analysis, contributes to the conservation of the pieces, but also for an adequate replacement, if necessary. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and describe the anatomy of the wood used in the "Casarão da Rua Sete de Setembro", a historic building located in the Historical Center of Cuiabá, MT. For this purpose, we collected three wood samples from the building's window frames. We evaluated the following characteristics: degree of deterioration, organoleptic characteristics, basic density, and macro and microscopic anatomical analyses. The samples considered for evaluation were in an advanced degree of deterioration. Despite that, it was possible to identify and describe the anatomical characteristics of the evaluated wood, all identified as Handroanthus sp., Bignoniaceae family, known locally as ipê. Furthermore, the study contributes to the formation of a database of wood species used during the Brazilian colonial period in Cuiabá, MT. Keywords: Handroanthus. Deterioration. Wood anatomy. Iphan. Historic buildings.The preservation of buildings, which make up the Brazilian historical heritage, has historical and cultural importance. Wood, one of the most common building materials in these buildings, is subject to deterioration. Thus, the correct identification of the woods, through macroscopic and microscopic analyses, contributes both to the conservation of the pieces in use and also to an adequate replacement, if necessary. Thus, this study aimed to identify and describe anatomically the wood used in the construction of the historic building known as the “Casarão da Rua Sete de Setembro”, located in the Historic Center of Cuiabá, MT. Three wood samples were collected from the building's frames and the following characteristics were evaluated: degree of deterioration, organoleptic characteristics, basic density and macro and microscopic anatomical analyses. The evaluated samples had an advanced degree of deterioration. Despite this, it was possible to identify and describe the anatomical characteristics of the evaluated woods, all identified as Handroanthus sp., of the Bignoniaceae family, known locally as ipê. Furthermore, the study contributes to the formation of a database of timber species used during the Brazilian colonial period, in Cuiabá, MT. Keywords: Handroanthus. Deterioration. Wood anatomy. IPHAN. Historic buildings.A preservação de edificações, que compõem o patrimônio histórico brasileiro, tem importância histórica e cultural. A madeira, um dos materiais de construção mais comuns nessas construções, está sujeita à deterioração. Assim, a identificação correta das madeiras, por meio de análises macroscópicas e microscópicas, contribui tanto na conservação das peças em uso como também para uma substituição adequada, caso necessário. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e descrever anatomicamente as madeiras utilizadas na construção da edificação histórica conhecida como o “Casarão da Rua Sete de Setembro”, localizada no Centro Histórico de Cuiabá, MT. Foram coletadas três amostras de madeira das esquadrias da edificação e as seguintes características foram avaliadas: grau de deterioração, características organolépticas, densidade básica e análises anatômicas macro e microscópicas. As amostras avaliadas estavam com um grau avançado de deterioração. Apesar disso, foi possível identificar e descrever as características anatômicas das madeiras avaliadas, todas identificadas como Handroanthus sp., da família Bignoniaceae, conhecida localmente como ipê. Ademais, o estudo contribui com a formação de um banco de dados das espécies madeireiras utilizadas durante o período colonial brasileiro, em Cuiabá, MT. Palavras Chave: Handroanthus. Deterioração. Anatomia da madeira. Iphan. Edificações históricas

Rendimento em laminação por faqueadeira de duas espécies nativas tropicais / Yield of sliced veneer of two tropical natives species

A laminação de madeiras tropicais por meio de facas atinge um nicho de mercado específico, com produtos de alto valor agregado. Apesar disso, a produção de lâminas faqueadas está relacionada à elevada geração de resíduos em razão do baixo nível tecnológico empregado ou a qualidade inferior da matéria-prima. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento em laminação de madeira de duas espécies tropicais além de quantificar a geração de resíduos ao longo do processo produtivo. As espécies avaliadas foram, Dinizia excelsa Ducke (Angelim-Pedra) e Aspidosperma populifolium A. DC (Peroba-Mica). O rendimento médio em lâminas faqueadas foi de 41,35% e 26,77% para Angelim-Pedra e Peroba-Mica, respectivamente. O Angelim-Pedra apresentou valor médio de perda volumétrica de 18,87% na etapa de desdobro; 36,61% de lâminas residuais e 3,15% na forma de prancha residual. A Peroba-Mica apresentou perda volumétrica média no desdobro igual a 25,24%; 36,82% como lâminas residuais e 10,94% na prancha, sendo este a única etapa que apresentou diferenças significativas. Conclui-se que o rendimento médio em laminação para o Angelim-Pedra foi superior a 40% e para a Peroba-Mica inferior a 30%

Qualidade da madeira e do carvão vegetal de quatro clones de Eucalyptus com idades entre 108 e 120 meses

Economic instability scenarios and reduction in charcoal consumption, such as those that occurred in 2009 and 2016, affect production and result in the maintenance of eucalyptus forests and an increase in the rotation age. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of wood from four Eucalyptus clones (clones 1, 2, 3, and 4) at the ages of 108 and 120 months and the charcoal produced in a rectangular kiln. We evaluated the heart/sapwood ratio, basic density, dry mass per hectare.year, and chemical composition . The carbonizations were performed in a rectangular kiln (210 m³ of wood). We determined the gravimetric yield and the charcoal properties: density, particle size and percentage of fines, friability index, proximate analysis, and mass of charcoal produced per hectare.year. We verified the significant effect of clones on basic density and dry mass, whose variations were from 494 to 589 kg m-3 and 12.47 to 23.34 ton.ha-1, respectively. The charcoal yield did not differ among clones (34.1%), while the yield of semicarbonized wood varied from 3.2% (clone 4) to 10.7% (clone 3).  The particle size of 65% of the charcoal volume of clones 1 and 3 was greater than 30 mm, and 49.5% of clones 2 and 4. We found medium mechanical resistance for charcoal from all four clones. The apparent density ranged from 356 to 458 kg.m-3, with the highest average value for clone 3. We found the highest charcoal production for clones 1 and 2, 7.5 tons per hectare.year. The fixed carbon did not vary among clones (76.92%). The wood properties of the Eucalyptus clones at ages 108 and 120 months are suitable for charcoal production for metallurgical use. Clones 1 (a hybrid of E. urophylla x E. grandis) and 3 (a hybrid of E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis) stood out from the others.Cenários de instabilidade econômica e redução do consumo de carvão vegetal, como as ocorridas em 2009 e 2016, afetam a produção deste insumo, resultando na manutenção das florestas de eucalipto e aumento da idade de corte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira de quatro clones de Eucalyptus (clones 1, 2, 3 e 4) com idades entre 108 e 120 meses e do carvão vegetal produzido em forno retangular. Para caracterização da madeira, foram avaliadas a relação cerne/alburno, densidade básica, massa seca por hectare.ano e composição química. As carbonizações foram realizadas em forno retangular, com capacidade de 210 m³ de madeira, e determinaram-se o rendimento gravimétrico e as propriedades do carvão vegetal: densidade do carvão vegetal, granulometria e porcentagem de finos, índice de friabilidade, análise imediata, além da massa de carvão produzida por hectare.ano. Verificou-se efeito significativo dos clones na densidade básica e massa seca, com valores de 494 a 589 kg m-3 e 12,47 a 23,34 ton.ha-1, respectivamente. O rendimento médio em carvão vegetal não diferiu entre os clones e foi igual a 34,1%, enquanto o rendimento em atiço variou de 3,2% para o clone 4 a 10,7% para o clone 3. Os clones 1 e 3 apresentaram em média 65% do volume de carvão vegetal na maior faixa granulométrica (>30 mm), enquanto os clones 2 e 4 tiveram 49,5% nessa granulometria.  O carvão vegetal dos quatro clones foi de média resistência e a densidade aparente variou de 356 a 458 kg.m-3, com maior valor para o clone 3. Os clones 1 e 2 apresentaram a maior produção de carvão vegetal, 7,5 toneladas por hectare.ano. O carbono fixo não variou entre os clones, apresentando média igual a 76,92%. Os clones de Eucalyptus nas idades de 108 e 120 meses apresentam propriedades da madeira adequadas para a produção de carvão vegetal, alcançando rendimento gravimétrico e qualidade satisfatórios para uso metalúrgico, destacando-se os clones 1 (híbrido de E. urophylla x E. grandis) e 3 (híbrido de E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis)

Qualidade da madeira acetilada de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar as propriedades tecnológicas da madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalpyptus grandis submetida ao processo de modificação química por acetilação. Para tanto, foram confeccionadas amostras de madeira com dimensões de 2 x 2 x 1 cm, as quais foram submetidas ao tratamento de acetilação, por imersão em anidrido acético, durante 3 e 6 h com temperatura de 75 ºC. A eficiência da modificação química foi avaliada por meio da determinação de propriedades da madeira acetilada e controle (não tratada): massa específica aparente, absorção em água, inchamento volumétrico, dureza Rockwell e resistência ao ataque de cupins. A acetilação da madeira proporcionou aumento da estabilidade dimensional, resistência biológica e mecânica, quando comparadas às amostras não tratadas. Por outro lado, não foi verificada alteração na massa específica aparente, em condições anidras, das madeiras acetiladas e controle

Economic viability of charcoal production in two production systems

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica da produção de carvão vegetal em dois sistemas produtivos: oito fornos de superfície acoplados a uma fornalha para queima de gases e dez fornos do tipo “rabo-quente” sem sistema de queima de gases. Para análise econômica, definiu-se uma produção anual média igual a 1.571 metros cúbicos de carvão (mdc) e horizonte de planejamento de 12 anos, sendo propostos 2 cenários. No primeiro cenário, após a colheita da madeira, realiza-se o plantio de uma nova floresta, permanecendo o custo da madeira constante em todo o planejamento; no segundo cenário, após a colheita, considerou-se a condução da brotação, reduzindo os custos na 2ª rotação e consequentemente os custos da madeira. A análise econômica foi realizada através da determinação dos seguintes indicadores: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE), Razão Benefício/Custo (B/C) e Lucratividade. Os indicadores calculados demonstraram a viabilidade dos dois sistemas produtivos avaliados em ambos os cenários propostos, porém o sistema fornos-fornalha apresentou melhores valores para os indicadores. Conclui-se que a produção de carvão vegetal nos sistemas avaliados foram viáveis economicamente, com o sistema fornos-fornalha gerando maior lucro ao produtor de carvão.Palavras-chave: Fornos de alvenaria; análise determinística; valor presente líquido. Abstract Economic viability of charcoal production in two production systems. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic viability of charcoal production in two conversion technologies: eight surface kilns coupled to a furnace for burning gases (kilns-furnace system) and ten "rabo-quente" or traditional charcoal kilns without burning gases system. An average annual production of 1571 cubic meters of charcoal (mdc) was used to perform the economic analysis. A planning horizon of 12 years and two scenarios were proposed. In the first scenario, after harvesting the wood, the planting of a new forest was performed, and the cost of wood remained constant throughout the planning horizon. In the second scenario, after the harvest, the conduction of shooting was considered, which reduced costs in the second rotation and consequently the cost of wood. The economic analysis was performed by determining the following indicators: Net Present Value (NPV), Equivalent Annual Value (EAV) and Benefit - Cost Reason (B/C). Calculated indicators demonstrated the viability of producing charcoal in the two production systems in both scenarios proposed, but kilns-furnace system presented better values. As conclusion, production of charcoal in the evaluated systems were economically viable. Kilns-furnace system was able to generate more profit to charcoal producer.Keywords: Kilns; deterministic analysis; net present value.Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the economic viability of charcoal production in two conversion technologies: eight surface kilns coupled to a furnace for burning gases (kilns-furnace system) and ten "rabo-quente" or traditional charcoal kilns without burning gases system. An average annual production of 1571 cubic meters of charcoal (mdc) was used to perform the economic analysis. A planning horizon of 12 years and two scenarios were proposed. In the first scenario, after harvesting the wood, the planting of a new forest was performed, and the cost of wood remained constant throughout the planning horizon. In the second scenario, after the harvest, the conduction of shooting was considered, which reduced costs in the second rotation and consequently the cost of wood. The economic analysis was performed by determining the following indicators: Net Present Value (NPV), Equivalent Annual Value (EAV) and Benefit - Cost Reason (B/C). Calculated indicators demonstrated the viability of producing charcoal in the two production systems in both scenarios proposed, but kilns-furnace system presented better values. As conclusion, production of charcoal in the evaluated systems were economically viable. Kilns-furnace system was able to generate more profit to charcoal producer.Keywords: Kilns; deterministic analysis; net present value

Quality of Wood and Charcoal from Eucalyptus

Considering the wide variety of species and clones of Eucalyptus cultivated in Brazil, it is necessary to search for new information on wood properties, so that the selection of genetically superior material may be successful. The present study aimed to determine the properties of wood and charcoal from different clones of Eucalyptus spp. Six clones at the age of 7.5 years were evaluated and the samples were from a clonal, located in the city of Lassance, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Basic density, chemical composition, and higher heating value were determined. Carbonizations in a laboratory kiln were done and the levels of volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon, higher heating value, and bulk density of the charcoal produced were determined. Evaluated genetic materials showed differences in their properties. According to research results, several properties of wood should be considered together for the selection of clones for charcoal production. However, basic density and chemical composition of wood, especially high contents of lignin and low contents of extractives, are the properties that had more influence on charcoal yield and its quality. Concerning charcoal production for steelmaking, clone 6 stood out and, conversely, clone 4 showed inferior properties to those of others

Influence of adding kraft lignin in eucalyptus pellets properties

The pellets are becoming an important renewable source of energy for industrial and domestic use. The consumer market is increasingly demanding in terms of product quality and this may be improved through the use of various additives, such as kraft lignin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of eucalyptus pellets produced with the addition of different percentages of kraft lignin. The raw material used for production of pellets was wood with bark of an Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clone, with approximately five years of age, obtained from commercial planting, and 10% of waste of eucalyptus harvest (tops, leaves and branches). Excluding the control (0% lignin) was added 1, 2, 3, and 5% kraft lignin, relative to the dry mass of raw material. The pellets were produced in a laboratory pelletizer with a horizontal circular array. The following properties of the pellets were evaluated: moisture content, gross and net calorific value, unit density, bulk density, energy density, ash content, length and diameter, hardness, mechanical durability and fines content. The addition of kraft lignin contributed to improving the pellets physical and mechanical properties, as regards the density, mechanical durability, fines and hardness. The addition of lignin caused the elevation of the levels of ash and moisture content of the pellets. It is concluded that addition of lignin to pellet production is feasible, since lignin is used with lower contents of ash and moisture.Os pellets vêm se tornando uma importante fonte renovável de energia para utilização industrial e doméstica. O mercado consumidor está cada vez mais exigente quanto à qualidade do produto e essa pode ser melhorada por meio da utilização de diferentes aditivos, como a lignina kraft. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade dos pellets de eucalipto produzidos com adição de diferentes percentagens de lignina kraft. A matéria-prima utilizada para produção de pellets foi madeira com casca de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla com aproximadamente cinco anos de idade, proveniente de plantio comercial, além de 10% de resíduos da colheita do eucalipto (ponteira, folhas e galhos). Excluindo-se a testemunha (0% de lignina), adicionou-se 1, 2, 3, e 5% de lignina kraft, em relação à massa seca da matéria-prima. Os pellets foram produzidos em uma peletizadora laboratorial com matriz circular horizontal. Foram avaliadas as seguintes propriedades dos pellets: teor de umidade, poder calorífico superior e útil, densidade a granel e aparente, densidade energética, teor de cinzas, comprimento e diâmetro, dureza, durabilidade mecânica e teor de finos. A adição de lignina kraft em pellets de eucalipto contribuiu para a melhoria das propriedades físicas e mecânicas, no que se diz respeito à densidade, durabilidade mecânica, geração de finos e dureza. A adição de lignina ocasionou a elevação dos teores de cinzas e da umidade dos pellets. Conclui-se que a adição de lignina para produção de pellets é viável, desde que sejam utilizadas ligninas com menores teores de cinzas e umidade