The Reality of Political Culture in Jordan after Twenty Years of Political Openness

The purpose of this study is to explore the reality of the political culture in Jordan after twenty years of political openness by identifying the most important features of contemporary Jordanian political culture. In addition, the study aims to examine the main factors that shape this political culture. To build the argument on a solid ground, the study raises some significant questions about the reality of the Jordanian political culture such as: has political culture changed significantly since 1989 (after the political openness)?, what are the main factors that contributed in shaping the political culture in Jordan?, and what is the main type of political culture that clearly prevails in the society?. The study is carried out by using the descriptive analytical approach, as a method for examining the findings of the survey through distribution of 400 questionnaires to five groups of political elite in Jordan. The study concludes that there cannot be a real democratic system in Jordan without the establishment and consolidation of democratic values in the political culture of Jordanian citizens. Another conclusion of the study is that traditional political culture is still prevailing in Jordanian society, which is social, tribal, and family ties prominence despite the passage of twenty years on the political liberalization

Shaping Wikipedia editing as a teaching and learning tool to promote deep learning and information literacy

Research has shown that at least 94% of medical students use Wikipedia as an information resource (Usaid, 2012), despite medical school faculty telling them not to. In fact, medical schools do not train students to improve Wikipedia or use it critically (Azzam, 2017). The Wikiproject Medicine course was created at the invitation and in partnership with Dr. Amin Azzam at the University of California San Francisco, who started the original program in 2013. This class is offered to 4th year medical students and gives students an opportunity to edit already existing health related articles in Wikipedia to improve their quality and make them more accurate. This course enables students to improve and enrich the quality of reliable information read by patients on Wikipedia by becoming a WikiProject Medicine Editor

Qu’est-ce qu’un.e psychologue ? Impact de la formation universitaire sur la représentation sociale du psychologue chez des étudiant.e.s en psychologie

Cette contribution porte sur la représentation sociale du psychologue chez des étudiant.e.s poursuivant un cursus universitaire de psychologie, et vise à déterminer dans quelle mesure cette représentation est amenée à évoluer d’une perception potentiellement stéréotypée vers une perception intégrant davantage la diversité des formes de cette profession. Dans cette perspective, 753 étudiant.e.s en première ou en troisième année de licence ont répondu à une tâche d’association libre portant sur le psychologue. Les résultats confirment le caractère stéréotypé de cette représentation et témoignent d’une évolution limitée de cette dernière vers une vision plus critique et plus étendue des domaines d’action du psychologue.This contribution deals with the social representation of the psychologist among psychology students and aims assessing in which proportion this representation may evolve from a potentially stereotyped perception toward a perception which would reflect the various forms of this profession. In this perspective, 753 first or third year undergraduate students answered a free association task based on “the psychologist” as the inductor. The results confirm the stereotyped character of this representation and highlight its limited evolution toward a more critical vision and a wider perception of the fields of action of the psychologist

The Mediating Role of Religious Orientations in the Relationship between Intergroup Contact and Sectarian Prejudice among Omani Citizens

ملخص: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن العلاقة بين أنماط التَّديُّن بأشكاله: (الظاهري والجوهري والاستقصائي والأصولي)، والتَّواصل بين الجماعات والتَّعصُّب المذهبي، كما تهدف أيضًا إلى التحقق من الدور الوسيط لأنماط التَّديُّن في العلاقة بين التَّواصل والتعصب. وقد ضمّت عينة الدراسة 2498 مواطنًا عُمانيًّا من المذاهب الثلاثة: الإباضيَّة، والسنّة، والشيعة (Mage=31 years، SDage=9.9) وطُبّق عليهم مقياس أنماط التَّديُّن ومقياس التَّواصل بين الجماعات ومقياس التعصب. وأظهرت النتائج أنّ أنماط التَّديُّن الأصولي والتَّديُّن الظاهري والتَّديُّن الجوهري مرتبطة إيجابيًا بالتَّعصُّب المذهبي. وبيّنت أيضًا أنّ التَّديُّن الاستقصائي والتَّواصل بين الجماعات يرتبطان سلبًا بالتَّعصُّب المذهبي، وأنّ التَّديُّن الاستقصائي والتَّديُّن الأصولي يتوسطان العلاقة بين التَّواصل بين المجموعات والتَّعصُّب المذهبي. كما بيّنت النتائج أنّ جزءًا معتبرًا من التَّعصُّب المذهبي يمكن تفسيره من خلال نمط التَّديُّن الظاهري ونمط التَّديُّن الأصولي، وأن التَّواصل بين أفراد الجماعات المذهبية يرتبط بانخفاض التَّعصُّب المذهبي، ويتوسط كلٌّ من التَّديُّن الاستقصائي والتَّديُّن الأصولي هذه العلاقة.Abstract: This study aimed to understand the interlinks between religious orientations (extrinsic, intrinsic, quest, and fundamentalist), intergroup contact and sectarian prejudice, verifying whether religious orientations mediate the contact-prejudice links. A sample of 2,498 Omani citizens (Mage=31 years, SDage=9.9) who belong to either Ibada, Sunnah, or Shi'a sects responded to a questionnaire measuring the study variables. The results indicated that fundamentalist, extrinsic, and intrinsic religiosity were positively correlated with sectarian prejudice. Furthermore, quest religiosity and contact were negatively correlated with sectarian prejudice, and we found that quest and fundamentalist orientations mediate the association between contact and sectarian prejudice. We concluded that sectarian prejudice can be significantly explained by fundamentalist and extrinsic religiosity, and that quest and fundamentalist religious orientations mediate the contact-sectarian prejudice relationship

Wikipedia-editing as a teaching strategy in health professional schools: 6 years, 5 countries, 5 professions...and counting.

poster presentation● Wikipedia is the world’s most frequently used health-information source. ● Embracing the platform helps fulfill health professional schools’ teaching & service missions. ● Student & faculty effort searching, analyzing, writing & editing Wikipedia is scholarly work. ● The Wiki Education Foundation’s “Students in the Health Professions” campaign aggregates all efforts of these students editing WIkipedia as part of formal coursework. ● Since 2013, there have been 1,271 students who have added 711,000 words, 86 images and 9,030 references to 642 health-related Wikipedia pages. ● These Wikipedia pages have been viewed 55.2 million times since students began contributing. ● Participants highlight the refreshingly collaborative nature of the work-- for students, librarians, and faculty alike

Cytoreductive Surgery plus Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Management of Peritoneal Sarcomatosis: A Preliminary Single-Center Experience from Saudi Arabia

Aim. To report our preliminary single-center experience with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for management of peritoneal sarcomatosis (PS). Methods. Eleven patients were retrospectively analyzed for perioperative details. Results. Cytoreduction completeness (CC-0/1) was achieved in all patients with median peritoneal cancer index (PCI) of 14 ± 8.9 (range: 3–29). Combination cisplatin + doxorubicin HIPEC chemotherapy was used in 6 patients. Five patients received intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). The median operative time, estimated blood loss, and hospital stay were 8 ± 1.4 hours (range: 6–10), 1000 ± 250 mL (range: 700–3850), and 11 ± 2.4 days (range: 7–15), respectively. Major postoperative Clavien-Dindo grade III/IV complications occurred in 1 patient and none developed HIPEC chemotherapy-related toxicities. The median overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) after CRS + HIPEC were 28.3 ± 3.2 and 18.0 ± 4.0 months, respectively. The median follow-up time was 12 months (range: 6–33). Univariate analysis of several prognostic factors (age, gender, PS presentation/pathology, CC, PCI, HIPEC chemotherapy, and IORT) did not demonstrate statistically significant differences of OS and DFS. Conclusion. CRS + HIPEC appear to be feasible, safe, and offer survival oncological benefits. However, definitive conclusions cannot be deduced

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dosespecific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in countryreported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81.6% [95% uncertainty interval 80.4-82 .7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39.9% [37.5-42.1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38.5% [35.4-41.3] in 1980 to 83.6% [82.3-84.8] in 2019). Third- dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42.6% (41.4-44.1) in 1980 to 79.8% (78.4-81.1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56.8 million (52.6-60. 9) to 14.5 million (13.4-15.9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe