Pertinence de l'approche transculturelle pour améliorer la relation de soins en période périnatale

International audienceThe international literature review highlights higher neonatal morbimortality in migrant patients and their babies. The explanatory hypotheses include late pregnancy follow-up with difficulty accessing care, language barriers, and different cultural representation in pregnancy support. On the one hand, we propose to explain the cultural factors that can impact the caring relationship during the perinatal period. On the other hand, we set out tools for anthropological and psychological understanding to enhance the sharing of cultural representations around pregnancy follow-up, the needs of a baby, and obstetrical or postnatal complications. The request for a specialised transcultural opinion needs to be more systematic; the transcultural posture is adaptable to each care professional. This requires the professional to address explicitly the impact of culture in care and consider their own cultural distance. Specialised advice is recommended in certain situations of cumulative vulnerability (complex trauma, perinatal depression with cultural coding of symptoms), blockage or refusal of care for cultural reasons and to avoid cultural misunderstandings. We detail two modalities: mediation and a discussion group around cultural issues set up in the maternity ward. The institutional work we propose within the multidisciplinary team in the maternity ward also allows the acquisition of transcultural competencies

Les paysages thérapeutiques de deux maternités à Paris et en petite couronne

National audienceL'article mobilise le concept de paysages thérapeutiques, pour étudier l’agencement des lieux dans deux maternités et leur appropriation par les professionnels de santé et les patientes. Si l’engagement des soignants se retrouve sur les deux sites, le bassin de population, le management et la mission de ces établissements diffèrent. Le soin ne peut être identique voire équitable selon les locaux, leur agencement et les symboles qu’ils portent

Implicit biases and differential perinatal care for migrant women: Methodological framework and study protocol of the BiP study part 3✰,✰✰

International audienceBackground: The mechanisms of disparities in maternal and perinatal health between migrant and native women are multiple and remain poorly understood. Access to and quality of care are likely to participate in these mechanisms, and one hypothesis is the existence of implicit biases among caregivers through which ethno-racial belonging can influence medical decisions and consequently engender healthcare disparities. Their existence and their role in the generation of non-medically justified differential care have been documented in the United States apart from perinatal care, but remain largely unexplored in Europe. In this article, we present the study protocol and theoretical framework of a study that aims to test and quantify the existence of implicit bias toward African Sub-Saharan migrant women among caregivers working in the perinatal field, and to explore the association between implicit bias and differential care. Material and methods: This study is based on an online survey to which French obstetricians, midwives, and anesthetists were invited to take part. The potential existence of implicit biases toward African Sub-Saharan migrant will be quantified through a validated tool, the Implicit Association Test. Then we will assess how implicit biases are likely to influence clinical decisions and lead to differential care using clinical vignettes designed by an experts group. Discussion: Implicit bias and differential care are concept that are tricky to capture and interpret. This research program opens up in France a field of research on certain forms of health discriminations and sheds new light on the issue of social inequalities in perinatal health. Study registration: Registration in the Open Science Framework portal: https://osf.io/djva7/?view_only=c6012ace3fe94165a65b05c2dc6aff9

Perinatal outcome after planned vaginal delivery in monochorionic compared with dichorionic twin pregnancy

International audienceObjective: To assess, according to chorionicity, the perinatal outcome of twin pregnancy in which vaginal delivery is planned. Methods: JUMODA (JUmeaux MODe d'Accouchement) was a national prospective population-based cohort study of twin pregnancies, delivered in 176 maternity units in France, from February 2014 to March 2015. In this planned secondary analysis, we assessed, according to chorionicity, the perinatal outcome of twin pregnancies, in which vaginal delivery was planned, that delivered at or after 32 weeks of gestation with the first twin in cephalic presentation. In order to select a population with well-recognized indications for planned vaginal delivery, we applied the same exclusion criteria as those in the Twin Birth Study, an international randomized trial. Monochorionic twin pregnancies with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome or twin anemia–polycythemia sequence were defined as complicated and were excluded. The primary outcome was a composite of intrapartum mortality and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to control for potential confounders. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to birth order (first or second twin) and gestational age at delivery (< 37 or ≥ 37 weeks of gestation). Results: Among 3873 twin pregnancies, in which vaginal delivery was planned, that delivered at ≥ 32 weeks' gestation with the first twin in cephalic presentation, meeting the inclusion criteria of the Twin Birth Study, 729 (18.8%) were uncomplicated monochorionic twin pregnancies and 3144 (81.2%) were dichorionic twin pregnancies. The rate of composite intrapartum mortality and neonatal morbidity and mortality did not differ between uncomplicated monochorionic (27/1458 (1.9%)) and dichorionic (107/6288 (1.7%)) twin pregnancies when adjusting for conception by assisted reproductive technologies (adjusted relative risk, 1.07 (95% CI, 0.66–1.75)). No significant difference in the primary outcome was found between the groups on subgroup analyses according to birth order and gestational age at delivery. Conclusion: When vaginal delivery is planned, and delivery occurs at ≥ 32 weeks of gestation with the first twin in cephalic presentation, uncomplicated monochorionic twin pregnancy is not associated with a higher rate of composite intrapartum mortality and neonatal morbidity and mortality compared with dichorionic twin pregnancy

Breech presentation: Clinical practice guidelines from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)

International audienceObjective: To determine the optimal management of singleton fetuses in breech presentation. Materials and methods: Consultation of the PubMed database, the Cochrane Library and guidelines issued by the French and foreign obstetrical societies or colleges. Results: In France, 5% of women have breech deliveries (level of evidence [LE] 3). One third of them have a planned vaginal delivery (LE3), and 70% of these give birth vaginally (LE3). External cephalic version (ECV) is associated with lower rates of both breech presentation at birth (LE2) and of cesarean deliveries (LE3) without any increase in severe maternal (LE3) or perinatal morbidity (LE3). Women with a fetus in breech presentation at term should be informed that ECV can be attempted starting at 36 weeks of gestation (professional consensus). Planned vaginal delivery of breech presentation may be associated with a higher risk of composite perinatal mortality or serious neonatal morbidity than planned cesarean birth (LE2). These two modes do not differ for neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years (LE2), cognitive and psychomotor outcomes between 5 and 8 years (LE3), or adult intellectual performance (LE4). Short- and long-term maternal complications appear similar in the two groups, unless subsequent pregnancies are under consideration. Pregnancies after a cesarean delivery are at higher risk of uterine rupture, placenta accreta spectrum disorders, and hysterectomy (LE2). Women who want a planned vaginal delivery should be offered a pelvimetry at term (Grade C) and should have ultrasonography to verify that the fetal head is not hyperextended (professional consensus) to plan their mode of delivery. Complete breech presentation, a previous cesarean, nulliparity, and term prelabor rupture of membranes are not, each one by itself, per se contraindications to planned vaginal delivery (professional consensus). Term breech presentation is not a contraindication to labor induction when the criteria for planned vaginal delivery are met (Grade C). Conclusion: In cases of breech presentation at term, the child and the mother are at low risk of severe morbidity after either planned vaginal or planned cesarean delivery. The French College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (CNGOF) considers that planned vaginal delivery is a reasonable option in most cases (professional consensus). The decision about the planned route of delivery should be shared by the woman and her healthcare provider, who must respect her right to autonomy

Présentation du siège. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique du CNGOF–Texte court✩

International audienceObjectives. – To determine the optimal management of singleton breech presentation. Materials and methods. – The PubMed database, the Cochrane Library and the recommendations from the French and foreign obstetrical societies or colleges have been consulted. Results. – In France, 5% of women have breech deliveries (Level of Evidence [LE3]). One third of them have a planned vaginal delivery (LE3) of whom 70% deliver vaginally (LE3). External cephalic version (ECV) is associated with a reduced rate of breech presentation at birth (LE2), and with a lower rate of cesarean section (LE3) without increases in severe maternal (LE3) and perinatal morbidity (LE3). It is therefore recommended to inform women with a breech presentation at term that ECV could be attempted from 36 weeks of gestation (Professional consensus). In case of breech presentation, planned vaginal compared with planned cesarean delivery might be associated with an increased risk of composite perinatal mortality or serious neonatal morbidity (LE2). No difference has been found between planned vaginal and planned cesarean delivery for neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years (LE2), cognitive and psychomotor outcomes between 5 and 8 years (LE3), and adult intellectual performances (LE4). Short and long terms maternal complications appear similar in case of planned vaginal compared with planned cesarean delivery in the absence of subsequent pregnancies. A previous cesarean delivery results for subsequent pregnancies in higher risks of uterine rupture, placenta accreta spectrum and hysterectomy (LE2). It is recommended to offer women who wish a planned vaginal delivery a pelvimetry at term (Grade C) and to check the absence of hyperextension of the fetal head by ultrasonography (Professional consensus) to plan their mode of delivery. Complete breech presentation, previous cesarean, nulliparity, term prelabor rupture of membranes do not contraindicate planned vaginal delivery (Professionnal consensus). Term breech presentation is not a contraindication to labor induction when the criteria for acceptance of vaginal delivery are met (Grade C). Conclusion. – In case of breech presentation at term, the risks of severe morbidity for the child and the mother are low after both planned vaginal and planned cesarean delivery. For the French College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (CNGOF), planned vaginal delivery is a reasonable option in most cases (Professional consensus). The choice of the planned route of delivery should be shared by the woman and her caregiver, respecting the right to woman's autonomy.ObjectifDéterminer les modalités de prise en charge en cas de présentation du siège.Matériel et méthodesConsultation de la base de données MedLine, de la Cochrane Library et des recommandations des sociétés savantes françaises et étrangères.RésultatsEn France, 5 % des femmes accouchent d’un enfant en présentation du siège (NP3). Un tiers d’entre elles ont une tentative de voie basse (TVB) (NP3), et 70 % de ces dernières accouchent par voie basse (NP3). La tentative de version par manoeuvre externe (VME) est associée à une diminution du taux des présentations du siège à l’accouchement (NP2) et à une diminution du taux de césarienne (NP3) sans augmentation de la morbidité maternelle (NP3) et périnatale sévère (NP3). Il est recommandé d’informer les femmes ayant une présentation du siège de la possibilité de réaliser une tentative de VME à partir de 36 SA (Accord professionnel). En cas de présentation du siège à terme, la TVB pourrait être associée à une augmentation du risque composite de mortalité périnatale ou de survenue d’une morbidité néonatale sévère comparativement à la césarienne programmée (CP) (NP2). Il n’a pas été retrouvé de différence entre la TVB et la CP concernant le développement neurologique de l’enfant à 2 ans (NP2), le développement psychomoteur et cognitif entre 5 et 8 ans (NP3), et le niveau intellectuel à l’âge adulte (NP4). Les risques de complications maternelles sévères à court et à long terme semblent comparables après une TVB et une CP en l’absence de grossesse ultérieure. En cas de grossesse ultérieure, l’antécédent de césarienne expose la femme à des complications sévères (placenta accreta, rupture utérine notamment). Il est recommandé de proposer aux femmes qui souhaitent une TVB à terme une pelvimétrie (Grade C) et de vérifier l’absence d’hyperextension de la tête fœtale (Accord professionnel) pour décider avec elles de leur voie d’accouchement. La présentation du siège complet, l’antécédent de césarienne, la nulliparité, la rupture des membranes à terme avant travail ne contre-indiquent pas la TVB (Accord professionnel). La présentation du siège à terme n’est pas une contre-indication à un déclenchement du travail lorsque les critères d’acceptation de la voie basse sont réunis (Grade C).ConclusionEn cas de présentation du siège à terme, les risques de complications sévères pour l’enfant et la mère sont faibles en cas de TVB ou de CP. Pour le Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français, la TVB est une option raisonnable dans la majorité des cas (Accord professionnel). Le choix de la voie d’accouchement doit être partagé par la patiente et le médecin, en respectant le droit à l’autonomie de la patiente (Accord professionnel)

Alternative to intensive management of the active phase of the second stage of labor: a multicenter randomized trial (Phase Active du Second STade trial) among nulliparous women with an epidural

International audienceBackground: There is no consensus on an optimal strategy for managing the active phase of the second stage of labor. Intensive pushing could not only reduce pushing duration, but also increase abnormal fetal heart rate because of cord compression and reduced placental perfusion and oxygenation resulting from the combination of uterine contractions and maternal expulsive forces. Therefore, it may increase the risk of neonatal acidosis and the need for operative vaginal delivery. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of the management encouraging “moderate” pushing vs “intensive” pushing on neonatal morbidity. Study Design: This study was a multicenter randomized controlled trial, including nulliparas in the second stage of labor with an epidural and a singleton cephalic fetus at term and with a normal fetal heart rate. Of note, 2 groups were defined: (1) the moderate pushing group, in which women had no time limit on pushing, pushed only twice during each contraction, and observed regular periods without pushing, and (2) the intensive pushing group, in which women pushed 3 times during each contraction and the midwife called an obstetrician after 30 minutes of pushing to discuss operative delivery (standard care). The primary outcome was a composite neonatal morbidity criterion, including umbilical arterial pH of 10 mmol/L, lactate levels of >6 mmol/L, 5-minute Apgar score of <7, and severe neonatal trauma. The secondary outcomes were mode of delivery, episiotomy, obstetrical anal sphincter injuries, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal satisfaction. Results: The study included 1710 nulliparous women. The neonatal morbidity rate was 18.9% in the moderate pushing group and 20.6% in the intensive pushing group (P=.38). Pushing duration was longer in the moderate group than in the intensive group (38.8±26.4 vs 28.6±17.0 minutes; P<.001), and its rate of operative delivery was 21.1% in the moderate group compared with 24.8% in the intensive group (P=.08). The episiotomy rate was significantly lower in the moderate pushing group than in the intensive pushing group (13.5% vs 17.8%; P=.02). We found no significant difference for obstetrical anal sphincter injuries, postpartum hemorrhage, or maternal satisfaction. Conclusion: Moderate pushing has no effect on neonatal morbidity, but it may nonetheless have benefits, as it was associated with a lower episiotomy rate

Internal Version Compared With Pushing for Delivery of Cephalic Second Twins

International audienceOBJECTIVE: To assess neonatal morbidity and mortality according to whether cephalic second twins were born after internal version followed by total breech extraction or after instructions to push. We hypothesized that interval version would result in shorter intertwin delivery intervals and lower cesarean delivery rates for the second twin and therefore better neonatal outcomes. METHODS: These planned analyses of the JUMODA (JUmeaux MODe d'Accouchement) cohort, a national prospective population-based study of twin deliveries, examined births of cephalic second twins after vaginal birth of the first twin at or after 32 weeks of gestation. The internal version group of second twins born in breech presentation after obstetric maneuvers was compared with the pushing group, comprising those born in cephalic presentation. The primary outcome was a composite of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Multivariate modified Poisson regression models were used to control for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of 2,256 cephalic second twins, 487 (21.6%) were born in breech presentation after internal version and total breech extraction and 1,769 (78.4%) in cephalic presentation after pushing. Composite neonatal morbidity and mortality was not lower in the internal version (17/487 [3.5%]) compared with the pushing group (38/1,769 [2.1%]; adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.73 [95% CI 0.98-3.05]), although median [quartile 1-quartile 3] intertwin delivery intervals were shorter (5 [4-8] vs 8 [5-12] minutes, P<.001) and the cesarean delivery rate for the second twin lower (5/487 [1.0%] vs 66/1,769 [3.7%], P=.002). Subgroup analyses showed no difference between groups at or after 37 weeks of gestation but higher composite neonatal morbidity and mortality after internal version before 37 weeks (14/215 [6.5%] vs 26/841 [3.1%]; aRR 2.18 [95% CI 1.15-4.13]). Secondary analyses according to center expertise in the overall population and stratified by gestational age yielded concordant results. CONCLUSION: Although our sample size precluded a robust assessment for small differences in outcomes between groups, internal version followed by total breech extraction of cephalic second twins was not associated with better neonatal outcomes than pushi

Moderate or intensive management of the active phase of second-stage labor and risk of urinary and anal incontinence: results of the PASST randomized controlled trial

International audienceBackground: Incontinence occurs frequently in the postpartum period. Several theoretical pathophysiological models may underlie the hypothesis that different types of management of the active phase of the second stage of labor have different effects on pelvic floor muscles and thus perhaps affect urinary and anal continence. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of “moderate pushing” on the occurrence of urinary or anal incontinence compared with “intensive pushing,” and to determine the factors associated with incontinence at 6 months postpartum. Study Design: This was a planned analysis of secondary objectives of the PASST (Phase Active du Second STade) trial, a multicenter randomized controlled trial. PASST included nulliparous women with singleton term pregnancies and epidural analgesia, who were randomly assigned at 8 cm of dilatation to either the intervention group that used “moderate” pushing (pushing only twice during each contraction, resting regularly for 1 contraction in 5 without pushing, and no time limit on pushing) or the control group following the usual management of “intensive” pushing (pushing 3 times during each contraction, with no contractions without pushing, with an obstetrician called to discuss operative delivery after 30 minutes of pushing). Data about continence were collected with validated self-assessment questionnaires at 6 months postpartum. Urinary incontinence was defined by an ICIQ-UI SF (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Urinary Incontinence Short Form) score ≥1 and anal incontinence by a Wexner score ≥2. A separate analysis was also performed among the more severely affected women (ICIQ-UI SF ≥6 and Wexner ≥5). Factors associated with incontinence were assessed with univariate and multivariable analyses. Results: Among 1618 women initially randomized, 890 (55%) returned the complete questionnaire at 6 months. The rate of urinary incontinence was 36.6% in the “moderate” pushing group vs 38.5% in the “intensive” pushing group (relative risk, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.80–1.13), whereas the rate of anal incontinence was 32.2% vs 34.6% (relative risk, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.77–1.12). None of the obstetrical factors studied related to the second stage of labor influenced the occurrence of urinary or anal incontinence, except operative vaginal delivery, which increased the risk of anal incontinence (adjusted odds ratio, 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.15). Conclusion: The results of the PASST trial indicate that neither moderate nor intensive pushing efforts affect the risk of urinary or anal incontinence at 6 months postpartum among women who gave birth under epidural analgesia

Circumstances, causes and timing of death in extremely preterm infants admitted to NICU: The EPIPAGE-2 study

International audienceAim: To describe the circumstances, causes and timing of death in extremely preterm infants. Methods: We included from the EPIPAGE-2 study infants born at 24–26 weeks in 2011 admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Vital status and circumstances of death were used to define three groups of infants: alive at discharge, death with or without withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment (WWLST). The main cause of death was classified as respiratory disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, infection, central nervous system (CNS) injury, other or unknown. Results: Among 768 infants admitted to NICU, 224 died among which 89 died without WWLST and 135 with WWLST. The main causes of death were respiratory disease (38%), CNS injury (30%) and infection (12%). Among the infants who died with WWLST, CNS injury was the main cause of death (47%), whereas respiratory disease (56%) and infection (20%) were the main causes in case of death without WWLST. Half (51%) of all deaths occurred within the first 7 days of life, and 35% occurred within 8 and 28 days. Conclusion: The death of extremely preterm infants in NICU is a complex phenomenon in which the circumstances and causes of death are intertwined