The Association of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) with the Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori

H. pylori pathogenesis is related to various virulence factor which some of them involved to adhesions. Urease as a main pathogenecity factor to attach to HLA-II is expressed on the surface of Gastric Epithelial Cells (GECs). Apoptosis induced by caspase3 activation as a result of urease effects on Spermine-Spermidine cycle. There is a contribution of HLA-DQA1 gene to the host's response against H. pylon. HLA allele type as an immune-genetic factors are related to host susceptibility to H. pylori. HLA-DQA1 might be contributed to the susceptibility or resistance to H. pylori infection. Based on the existed evidences the current review aimed to evaluate the results obtained by different studies carried out so far on correlation of human HLA and the pathogenesis of the H. pylori in gastric epithelial cells

Partial discharge behavior under operational and anomalous conditions in HVDC systems

Power cables undergo various types of overstressing conditions during their operation that influence the integrity of their insulation systems. This causes accelerated ageing and might lead to their premature failure in severe cases. This paper presents an investigation of the impacts of various dynamic electric fields produced by ripples, polarity reversal and transient switching impulses on partial discharge (PD) activity within solid dielectrics with the aim of considering such phenomena in high voltage direct current (HVDC) cable systems. Appropriate terminal voltages of a generic HVDC converter were reproduced - with different harmonic contaminations - and applied to the test samples. The effects of systematic operational polarity reversal and superimposed switching impulses with the possibility of transient polarity reversal were also studied in this investigation. The experimental results show that the PD is greatly affected by the dynamic changes of electric field represented by polarity reversal, ripples and switching. The findings of this study will assist in understanding the behaviour of PDs under HVDC conditions and would be of interest to asset managers considering the effects of such conditions on the insulation diagnostics

The role of T regulatory lymphocytes in lymphoma

T regulatory cells play a crucial role in immunological unresponsiveness to selfantigens and in suppressing excessive immune responses deleterious to the host. T regulatory cells are produced in the thymus as a functionally mature subpopulation of T cells. They can be induced from naive T cells in the periphery and express their marker as a forkhead/winged helix transcription factor called FoxP3. In patients with lymphomas where T regulatory cells serve as suppressor anti-tumor cytotoxicity, decreased numbers of T regulatory cells are associated with a favorable prognosis. In contrast, in patients with lymphomas where T regulatory cells function as anti-tumor cytotoxic agents, enhanced numbers of T regulatory cells are associated with a favorable prognosis. Tumors actively promote the accumulation of these cells through several mechanisms that involve activation of naturally occurring T regulatory cells as well as conversion of non-T regulatory cells into T regulatory cells. Tumor-derived prostaglandin E2 can increase T regulatory cell activity and induce a regulatory phenotype in CD4+CD25+T cells. On the other hand, a balance between T regulatory and Th17 cells is essential for maintaining homeostasis of anti-tumor immunity. Accelerating processes such as increasing the amounts of IL-6 or IL-17 can enhance FoxP3 T regulatory cell expression and result in a lymphoma or inactivation of T cell CD4+. This effect is the reason for malignancy and a reduction in anti-tumor immune response. In this systematic review we intend to analyze this relationship. We have collected and analyzed the majority of recently published articles on the role of T regulatory cells as a review article

Temporal Segmentation of Surgical Sub-tasks through Deep Learning with Multiple Data Sources

Many tasks in robot-assisted surgeries (RAS) can be represented by finite-state machines (FSMs), where each state represents either an action (such as picking up a needle) or an observation (such as bleeding). A crucial step towards the automation of such surgical tasks is the temporal perception of the current surgical scene, which requires a real-time estimation of the states in the FSMs. The objective of this work is to estimate the current state of the surgical task based on the actions performed or events occurred as the task progresses. We propose Fusion-KVE, a unified surgical state estimation model that incorporates multiple data sources including the Kinematics, Vision, and system Events. Additionally, we examine the strengths and weaknesses of different state estimation models in segmenting states with different representative features or levels of granularity. We evaluate our model on the JHU-ISI Gesture and Skill Assessment Working Set (JIGSAWS), as well as a more complex dataset involving robotic intra-operative ultrasound (RIOUS) imaging, created using the da Vinci® Xi surgical system. Our model achieves a superior frame-wise state estimation accuracy up to 89.4%, which improves the state-of-the-art surgical state estimation models in both JIGSAWS suturing dataset and our RIOUS dataset

Relationship of gonadotropin hormone levels with testicular dysfunction in patients suffered from varicocele before and after stimulation by gonadotropin releasing hormone

Introduction: Since the early diagnosis and treatment of varicocele during adolescence can help in reducing the risk of future infertility, finding an appropriate indication is very important in order to avoid unnecessary treatment as well as avoid future infertility. Currently, surgery indications for varicocele in adolescents are including high-grade varicocele and testicular volume loss which there is no relation between these cases and semen parameters. Objectives: In the current study, the relationship of gonadotropin hormone levels was compared to testicular dysfunction in varicocele patients before and after stimulation by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Patients and Methods: Around 60 patients between 18-30 years old were divided into two groups; patients with normal semen analysis (A) and patients with abnormal semen analysis (B). Hormonal analysis including the measurement of basal luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (bLH and bFSH) and also measurements of LH and FSH after GnRH stimulation test (sLH and sFSH) were carried out. Data were analyzed using t test by SPSS statistical software. Results: Of 60 patients, 30 patients had normal semen (group A) and 30 patients had abnormal semen parameters (group B). The bLH in group A was lower than group B and bFSH in group A were more than group B, but there was not a significant difference between them. sLH levels were significantly higher in group A than those of group B and sFSH levels in group B were greater than group A. However the difference was not significant. Conclusion: Testicular volume loss is not suitable criteria for prediction of testicular dysfunction; GnRH stimulation test has a potential for identifying patients with varicocele that are requiring prophylaxis surgery. Increasing serum levels of LH after stimulation by GnRH can also be applied as a suitable index for prophylaxis surgery in varicocele patients to prevent infertility in future

Bacterial Heat Shock Protein Activity

Bacteria are exposed to different types of stress in their growth conditions. They have developed appropriate responses, modulated by the re-modeling of protein complexes and by phosphorylation dependent signal transduction systems, to adapt and to survive in a variety range of nature. Proteins are essential components for biologic activity in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell. Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) have been identified from various organisms and have critical role in cell hemostasis. Chaperone can sense environment and have different potential role in the organism evolution

Effects of porous superhydrophilic surfaces on flow boiling critical heat flux in IVR accident scenarios

Critical Heat Flux (CHF) plays a key role in nuclear reactor safety both during normal operation as well as in accident scenarios. In particular,when an in-vessel retention (IVR) strategy is used as a severe accident management strategy, the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) cavity is flooded with water, to remove the decay heat from the corium relocated in the lower plenum by conduction through the RPV wall and flow boiling on the outer surface of the RPV. The CHF limit must not be exceeded to prevent RPV failure.Therefore, knowledge of the CHF under realistic conditions is necessary to assess coolability margins. Previous studies for prediction of CHF in the IVR situation were mostly based on data for as fabricated un-oxidized stainless steel. However, the RPV is made of low carbon steel and its surface has an oxide layer that results from pre-service heat treatment as well as oxidation during service. This oxide layer introduces significant differences in surface wettability, porosity, and roughness in comparison to an un-oxidized stainless steel surface. In this study, test heaters were fabricated out of RPV low carbon steel, pre-oxidized in a controlled high temperature wet air environment, which emulates the surface oxides present on the outer surface of the actual RPV; the heaters were then tested in a flow boiling loop designed specifically for the IVR conditions. Up to 70% enhancement in CHF value was observed for the oxidized in low carbon steel in comparison to the stainless steel

Contribution of Blastocystishominis subtypes and associated inflammatory factors in development of irritable bowel syndrome

Blastocystis hominis with worldwide distribution is a human intestinal protozoa found in all countries. There have been differences in the severity of the pathogenesis of various Blastocystis spp. and a concomitant variation in the plasma concentration of the cytokines in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the contribution of B. hominis subtypes in the development of irritable bowel syndrome. Stool samples were collected from patients with gastrointestinal disorders. All samples were evaluated through native-lugol method. Total DNA was extracted. A PCR protocol was developed to amplify a specific region of the SSU ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were determined by immunoassay methods. The ClustalW algorithm was applied to align and blast the nucleotide sequences of the amplified region of the SSU rDNA gene. To evaluate the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary of the nucleotide sequences, we used the MEGA software. In this study, we found 26 haplotypes of B. hominis in the studied samples which were collectively belong to five subtypes (ST1, ST2 in patients without irritable bowel syndrome vs. ST3 and two unknown subtypes in patients with irritable bowel syndrome). Result of ELISA showed a high level of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the serum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The genetic heterogeneity of B. hominis and the existence of different subtypes of the protozoan in patients with IBS may shed light to the fact that some subtypes of parasites may involve in the pathogenesis of IBS