Pengembangan Instrumen Penilaian Sikap Disiplin Menggunakan Skala Likert dalam Pembelajaran Tematik Kelas IV SD

The current problem faced regarding environmental condition is the low public awareness to protect and preserve the environment. It is because of the lack of society’s discipline in protecting the environment, so it needs something to track their discipline attitude to take care of the environment. Here I focus on the students' discipline attitude as an object of my research. Thus, this research aimed to produce a discipline attitude assessment instrument using Likert scale and to find out the validity and feasibility of the discipline attitude assessment instrument using Likert scale for thematic learning in fourth grade students of elementary school about environmental discipline. This research implemented research and development (R&D) design. The instrument validity was analyzed by an attitude assessment expert with a score of 85.7%, by an instructional design expert with a score of 91.8%, and by a linguist with a score of 91.3%. Based on the validations of those three aspects, the score was categorized as ‘very high’. Therefore, the developed discipline attitude assessment instrument using Likert scale is very feasible to use

Views of smoke in England, 1800-1830

This thesis explores urban smoke and its nuisances in Georgian England, especially focusing on the period, 1800-1830. During this period, a number of English towns experienced accelerated industrialisation and many of them first experienced air pollution. In 1821, Michael Angelo Taylor, MP, passed a parliamentary bill on smoke abatement, Taylor’s Act. Although it has generally been believed that the Act did not have much of a social impact, this thesis argues that the Act diffused the usage of smoke abatement technology and triggered dozens of legal cases. The geographical focus of this thesis is Leeds and London. The Leeds case study examines the Leeds smoke abatement campaign and the smoke nuisance court case against Benjamin Gott, a leading merchant/ manufacturer in Leeds. It shows that the confusion over the effectiveness of smoke abatement technology represented the main difficulty in the smoke abatement campaign. The court case between the Duke of Northumberland and Clowes represents an example of the London nuisance cases in the 1820s. After the introduction of the steam press, the printing business became a polluting business. Because the plaintiff was the aristocrat, the case was interpreted as a class issue between aristocrat and middle-class printer. However, it was the Duke’s servants who suffered most from the nuisance and the case shows more complex class politics. This thesis also explores smoke nuisance caused by conventional smoke-producing industries in London, waterworks and brickmaking. Some water companies adopted smoke abatement technology but the confusion over the effectiveness of the technology can be observed in London, too. Taylor’s Act did not directly influence brickmaking business but it could cause nuisance to its neighbours, especially nurseries and gardens

The Role of Attractin in Neurodegeneration Caused by Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress is linked to dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Our laboratory reported slowly progressive DA neurodegeneration in the zitter (zi) rat, which is Attractin (Atrn) deficient. However, little is known about the function of Atrn in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, we investigated whether DA neurodegeneration in the zi rat was induced by oxidative stress, and how Atrn affects oxidative stress. First, we summarize our previous in vivo data, which revealed suppression of DA neurodegeneration using antioxidants (vitamin E and melatonin) in zi rats. Second, our current ex vivo and in vitro studies are introduced. Using primary neuronal cultures of zi mesencephalon as a model of Atrn-deficient neurons or Atrn-GFP-overexpressing HEK293 cells, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria and cell viability was examined under oxidative stress. Atrn-deficient neurons accumulated excess ROS in mitochondria, resulting in neurodegeneration, whereas Atrn-overexpressing cells showed suppression of ROS accumulation under oxidative stress. These results showed that Atrn plays a suppressive role against ROS and that the loss of Atrn function induced excess ROS accumulation and led to DA neurodegeneration. This is the first report to show that Atrn directly modulates mitochondrial ROS accumulation in the CNS

Views of smoke in England, 1800-1830

This thesis explores urban smoke and its nuisances in Georgian England, especially focusing on the period, 1800-1830. During this period, a number of English towns experienced accelerated industrialisation and many of them first experienced air pollution. In 1821, Michael Angelo Taylor, MP, passed a parliamentary bill on smoke abatement, Taylor’s Act. Although it has generally been believed that the Act did not have much of a social impact, this thesis argues that the Act diffused the usage of smoke abatement technology and triggered dozens of legal cases. The geographical focus of this thesis is Leeds and London. The Leeds case study examines the Leeds smoke abatement campaign and the smoke nuisance court case against Benjamin Gott, a leading merchant/ manufacturer in Leeds. It shows that the confusion over the effectiveness of smoke abatement technology represented the main difficulty in the smoke abatement campaign. The court case between the Duke of Northumberland and Clowes represents an example of the London nuisance cases in the 1820s. After the introduction of the steam press, the printing business became a polluting business. Because the plaintiff was the aristocrat, the case was interpreted as a class issue between aristocrat and middle-class printer. However, it was the Duke’s servants who suffered most from the nuisance and the case shows more complex class politics. This thesis also explores smoke nuisance caused by conventional smoke-producing industries in London, waterworks and brickmaking. Some water companies adopted smoke abatement technology but the confusion over the effectiveness of the technology can be observed in London, too. Taylor’s Act did not directly influence brickmaking business but it could cause nuisance to its neighbours, especially nurseries and gardens

Examining place influence on alcohol related behaviour and health outcomes in New Zealand.

Much of the literature on the determinants of health, including alcohol consumption, has focussed on differences in individual socio-economic status as a primary risk factor. However, it has been shown that variation in health between places can be attributed to both the characteristics of the people who live in those places (composition) and also to the characteristics of the places where people live (context). From the 1990s, there has been considerable interest in the role of neighbourhoods, specifically whether their social and physical characteristics are important in explaining inequalities in health. The main aim of this thesis is to determine the influence of ‘place’ effects on alcohol-related behaviour and health and social outcomes in New Zealand. To achieve this, data was obtained for hospitalisation and mortality directly related to alcohol consumption. Age standardised rates of alcohol related hospitalisation and mortality were calculated for different census areas units over time. Secondly, a database of all alcohol outlets including type and category was obtained from the Liquor Licensing Authority and geocoded for all meshblocks in New Zealand. Using ArcGIS road network functionality, least cost distance to nearest alcohol outlets was calculated. In addition, two buffers (800 and 3000 metres) were created around the population weighted centroids of each meshblock. Statistical analysis was undertaken to examine the distribution of alcohol outlets in areas of differing socio-economic status. Thirdly, binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between various access measures developed and individual alcohol related behaviour from the New Zealand Health Survey (2006/07). Lastly, Ordinary Least Squares regression was used to establish the association between the density of alcohol outlets and crime, and alcohol related hospitalisation. The results reveal there is increasing geographic inequality of both hospitalisation and mortality between the most and the least deprived areas in New Zealand. Secondly, the results consistently show there is inequity in the availability of alcohol outlets; there are clear social patterns in the distribution of alcohol outlets with disproportionately high numbers in more socially deprived neighbourhoods. Thirdly, at the national level, after controlling for potential confounding factors, there was no association between either hazardous or frequent consumption of alcohol and access to alcohol outlets. However, there was an association for particular sub-populations in regards to hazardous and frequent consumption and access to alcohol outlets. Fourthly, although the explained variance was often quite low in outcome models for crime and hospitalisation, nevertheless most of the variance for crime was predicted by the density of alcohol outlets. A number of important theoretical and policy implications flow from this study. Alcohol outlets are modifiable structures in the environments that are amenable to policy interventions at a community and national level. Interventions could concentrate on three aspects to reduce excess consumption; zoning ordinances, reducing alcohol outlets in deprived areas and increased alcohol taxation. Starting with the first proposed intervention, zoning ordinances provide communities and local governments with the opportunity to regulate outlet numbers and locations as well as their trading hours. This intervention has the potential to reduce opportunities for obtaining alcohol. Secondly, a reduction in the number of alcohol outlets is likely to reduce consumption and consequently improve health and social outcomes. Finally, higher alcohol prices via increased taxation is likely to be a deterrent to excess consumption and related health outcomes. Three priority areas are identified and recommended for future research. Studies using a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative methods, to better understand the association between local purchases of alcohol, consumption and proximity to alcohol outlets would be beneficial. In addition, the use of qualitative methods to examine the influence of social capital and cohesion, culture and norms on alcohol consumption in areas with higher densities of, and better access to alcohol outlets, is imperative. Lastly, longitudinal studies are also recommended to investigate increases or decreases in the number of alcohol outlets over time and the impact of such changes on the consumption patterns of different sub-populations

第2学年「組織学総論」・「基礎神経科学」の教育効果の検討 ─中間試験導入と事前・事後学習課題の提示─

獨協医科大学医学部では平成27年度より，発展的に自己学習習慣を身につけさせるため，講義時間・カリキュラムの変更を行っている.この効果を検討するため，変更前の2 年間 （平成25 年度および平成26 年度） と変更後の2年間 （平成27年度および平成28年度） の「組織学総論」および「基礎神経科学」の試験結果を比較し解析した．対象は，平成25年度138 名，平成26年度129 名，平成27年度133 名，平成28年度121 名の2年生である．事後学習課題の提出・評価，中間試験成績，学期末試験成績の結果とそれぞれの関連を解析した．特に中間試験を形成的評価と位置づけ，総合的評価としての学期末試験に及ぼす影響について検討した．形成的評価として中間試験を取り入れることにより，学生の学習方法の改善と学習意欲を促し学期末試験結果が向上した．事前・事後学習課題の提示は，知識の定着に有効であった．また，課題の評価と成績は関連しなかったが，未提出や期限切れ提出を繰り返す学生が成績不良となることが多く，事前・事後学習課題の提示は，早期指導介入のスクリーニングとして有効であると考えられた．Dokkyo Medical University made lecture time and curriculum changes, in effect since the 2015-16 school year, to help students learn self-study habits for their development. To examine the effectiveness of these changes, test results of “Introduction to Histology” and “Basic　Neuroscience” for the two years after the changes （i.e., the 2015-16 and 2016-17 school years）were compared to those of the two years before the changes （2013-14 and 2014-15） and analysis was performed. The comparison focused on second-year students, including 138 in 2013-14, 129 in 2014-15, 133 in 2015-16, and 121 in 2016-17. The correlations among post-class homework submission and scores, midterm test grades, and end-of-term test grades were analyzed. In particular, midterm tests （objective tests）were treated as formative scores and their effect on end-of-term tests（general scores）was examined. By introducing midterm tests（objective tests）as formative scores, the courses helped students/learners to improve their study methods, motivated them to study, and resulted in higher grades during end-of-term tests. Assigning preclass and post-class homework was an effective way to firmly establish knowledge. Additionally, though there was no correlation between homework scores and grades, students who repeatedly failed to submit homework or submitted it late often got poor grades, meaning that homework evaluation seems to be effective screening for earlyguidance and intervention

組踊伝承の変遷

優秀論文（博士前期課程）梗

Analysis of Honey Bee Hive Products as a Model for Monitoring Pesticide Usage in Agroecosystems

Global food and nutritional security majorly rely on honey bees for pollination. Furthermore, honey bees (Apis mellifera), are considered as reliable biological indicators of environmental contamination because they pick up chemical pollutants in the air or in flowers as they search for food. As a result, the honey bee colony environment acts as a reservoir for a diversity of resources of floral origin and therefore analyzing hive products is more cost effective compared to monitoring individual crops. Effective methods for monitoring agrochemicals contamination in the environment can therefore be achieved by continuous analysis of honey bee products. We investigated pesticide residues in honey and pollen collected from honey bee hives in various agro-ecological zones across Kenya over a period of two years (September 2013 to August 2015) to determine the circulating organic chemical pollutants in the environment. A total of 36 pesticide residues were detected belonging to three chemical classes; insecticides (>50%) fungicides (27%) and herbicides (20%) with majority of the pesticides detected in pollen compared to honey. Although herbicides appeared to be the least prevalent, they were detected at the highest concentrations of up to 356 ppb in honey compared to insecticides which were detected at fairly low concentrations (0.1 to 53 ppb). Our findings highlight the need to create greater awareness of the ecological consequences of wide scale use of agro-chemicals in agriculture.  Keywords: Pesticide residues, honey bees (Apis mellifera), honey and polle