Reversible DNA codes from skew cyclic codes over a ring of order 256

We introduce skew cyclic codes over the finite ring $\R$, where $u^{2}=0,v^{2}=v,w^{2}=w,uv=vu,uw=wu,vw=wv$ and use them to construct reversible DNA codes. The 4-mers are matched with the elements of this ring. The reversibility problem for DNA 4-bases is solved and some examples are provided

A database of linear codes over F13 with minimum distance bounds and new quasi-twisted codes from a heuristic search algorithm

Error control codes have been widely used in data communications and storage systems. One centralproblem in coding theory is to optimize the parameters of a linear code and construct codes withbest possible parameters. There are tables of best-known linear codes over finite fields of sizes up to9. Recently, there has been a growing interest in codes over F13 and other fields of size greater than9. The main purpose of this work is to present a database of best-known linear codes over the fieldF13 together with upper bounds on the minimum distances. To find good linear codes to establishlower bounds on minimum distances, an iterative heuristic computer search algorithm is employed toconstruct quasi-twisted (QT) codes over the field F13 with high minimum distances. A large numberof new linear codes have been found, improving previously best-known results. Tables of [pm;m] QTcodes over F13 with best-known minimum distances as well as a table of lower and upper bounds onthe minimum distances for linear codes of length up to 150 and dimension up to 6 are presented

Economic analysis of fertilization based on nutritional value of rangeland: A new opinion

Concepts behind the best management practices of rangeland improvement include production, economics, as well as social and environmental aspects. Although revenue in rangelands can be increased by fertilization, total production cost can increase and as a result, net benefit may reduce due to increase in fertilizer application cost. This study examined differences between three economic analysis models (EAM): total revenue based on i) hay yield (HY), ii) conversion rate of consumable crude protein to meat on the hoof in cow-calf (CPM) and iii) yield and relative feed value (RFV) index as a new opinion to highlight the economic aspects related to the N (0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1), P (0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) and K (0 and 80 kg ha-1) fertilization (NPK) in degraded rangelands. For this purpose, a series of data, gathered from an experiment conducted to increase the productivity of degraded rangelands by fertilization were analyzed. The results were most dissimilar for ‘the revenue’ variable and this difference lies in the fact that the EAMs estimated income in different ways. Due to the different revenue measurements, net benefit of CPM was the highest, while that of HY was the lowest. The HAY and RFV models indicate that NPK fertilizers did not increase forage production enough to be profitable for animal production. This study does not strive to suggest one EAM over another; however, it examines the respective models concerning various data and describes underlying characteristics of EAMs to obtain a given increase in net benefit

Evaluation of olive leaf extract as a growth promoter on the performance, blood biochemical parameters, and caecal microflora of broiler chickens

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of an alcoholic liquid olive leaf extract (OLE) obtained from fresh leaves on the growth performance, carcass weight, caecal microflora, and some plasma variables, such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in broiler chickens. A total of 375 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly divided into five treatments with five replicate pens (15 birds each) per treatment. The birds were fed either a basal diet with no supplement (control), with 75 (OLE75), 150 (OLE150), 300 (OLE300), and 600 (OLE600) mg kg−1 oleuropein, provided by 0.66, 1.33, 2.65, and 5.32 g kg−1 of the OLE. The dietary supplementation of OLE linearly increased daily body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and carcass weight and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). Although the OLE600 broilers had the highest daily FI among the treatments, there were significant increases in their BWG and improvements in FCR compared with the control, OLE75, and OLE150 birds. The carcass weights of OLE150, OLE300, and OLE600 birds were higher than those of the control group. The OLE600 diet increased the dressing percentage compared with the OLE75, OLE150, and OLE300 diets. The abdominal fat weight and the plasma HDL concentration of the control broilers were lower than those of all OLE birds. All doses of OLE supplementation decreased the caecal E. coli content. A growth-promoting effect is obtained from the dietary supplementation of 600 mg kg−1 oleuropein due to its beneficial effect on growth performance and caecal microflora populations of broiler