La Asociación Española para el Progreso de las Ciencias en el Centenario de su creación

Con la Asociación Española para el Progreso de las Ciencias (AEPPC) España se incorporó, en 1908, al más característico fenómeno de asociacionismo científico del XIX europeo. La principal novedad que aportó a la enseñanza e investigación superior fue la organización de congresos científicos, concebidos tanto como foro de intercambio entre los especialistas como de comunicación social. En el despertar del desastre del 98, en pleno espíritu regeneracionista, la preocupación educacional será uno de los temas de reflexión a lo largo de la primera etapa (1908-1936) de la Asociación.With the Spanish Association for the Advancement of Science Spain joined, in 1908, the most characteristic European phenomenon of 19th-century scientific associationism. The main novelty introduced into higher education and research was the organization of scientific congresses, conceived as forum of interchange between specialists and of social communication. On recovering from the so-called disaster of 98, the educational concern will be one of the subjects of reflection throughout the first period (1908-1936) of the Association

Zoel García de Galdeano y Yanguas (Pamplona, 1846 - Zaragoza, 1924)

Este trabajo presenta la biografía científica de Zoel García de Galdeano, uno de los tres artífices -junto con José Echegaray y Eduardo Torroja- de la modernización matemática española en la Restauración. Se estudia su trabajo de importación de las principales teorías de la matemática moderna en álgebra, geometría y análisis, sus propuestas en cuanto a metodología, didáctica y organización curricular de las matemáticas y su labor como director de la primera revista matemática española, El Progreso Matemático

Darwinismo y Matemáticas

En este trabajo se estudian las primeras interacciones entre matemáticas y biología, que se producen en el último tercio del siglo XIX a propósito de la formulación por Darwin de la teoría de la selección natural, una concepción general explicativa del origen de las especies que pronto fue objeto de interés matemático, tanto desde el punto de vista de la entonces joven estadística como desde el del más sólido análisis matemático

Understanding how cancer mutations hinder the interactions inside proteins

Trabajo fin de máster en Bioinformática y Biología ComputacionalThe acquisition of somatic mutations can induce cancer by dysregulating the delicate mechanisms controlling balance between proliferation and apoptosis. Genomic alterations can be classified in driver and passenger mutations. Driver mutations confer selective advantage to tumor development, contrarily to passenger mutations that do not provide growth advantage to tumorigenesis. Most of the driver mutations have unknown functional impact on protein structure and function. Furthermore, not all driver alterations in a cancer gene have the same functional impact. The use of high-throughput sequencing technologies facilitated the discovery of cancer related mutations in case and control studies. The analysis of different tumor types facilitates the identification of recurrent mutations and the functional pathways involved in tumor development. One of the current challenges is to distinguish between drivers and passenger mutations. Mutations occurring with high frequency in tumor samples are considered to be drivers. Therefore, a commonly used method is to consider mutations that occur with higher frequency than a background mutation rate. Tamborero et al., (2013) developed a method to identify cancer related genes by grouping together residues with a significant rate of mutations that are close in the primary sequence of the protein above the background model. The background model was generated considering coding-silent mutations based on the evidences of a nonrandom mutation processes along the genome (Amos, 2010). Recently, Gao et al., (2017) identified genomic mutations affecting residues located in 3-dimensional proximity of protein structures by comparing the mutation frequency against a random background. The first method used gene sequences, considering proteins as single strands, and omitted that distant genomic regions might be close in the 3D space when the protein folds. And the second method assumed a homogeneous mutation probability across the whole genome, which is likely an oversimplification that may introduces a bias in the expected mutation rates (Amos, 2010). Both problems were considered in this study for the development of the algorithm. This method identifies associated with BRCA-mutated breast cancer using coding-silent Understanding how cancer mutations hinder the interactions inside proteins V Summary mutation frequency as a background. Furthermore, the method identified structural and catalytic roles of 3D protein clusters within relevant biological pathways in breast cancer. This method considered that a 3D protein cluster is significant when the residues within it have a higher non-synonymous mutation rate as compared to the background mutation rate. Most of the significant 3D protein clusters were located within PIK3CA gene. Additionally, most of the mutations in the 3D clusters were predominantly found in the kinase and helical domains of the corresponding protein (PI3K). These mutations destabilize the inactive conformation of the proteins or lock the activation loop in an active conformation resulting in constitutive protein activation. Thus, significant 3D protein clusters in PIK3CA contain ideal hot-spot mutants to target with anti-cancer agents (Gabelli, Mandelker, Schmidt-Kittler, Vogelstein, & Amzel, 2010). Nowadays, treatments with PI3K inhibitors are available. However, the oncogenic PI3K pathway activation is achieved in different redundant ways, therefore mono-therapies are not always effective. In conclusion, the results of this Master´s Thesis can help to understand better the interactions of the non-synonymous mutations in the 3D protein space to identify new targets, develop new therapies and consequently maximize the therapeutic benefi

Trigonometría y astronomía en el "Tratado del Cuadrante Sennero" ("c". 1280)

El Cuadrante Sennero, tal como aparece brevemente descrito en el tratado dforisí que lleva su nombre, es un instrumento de observación que presenta dos variantes: la primera consiste en un cuadrante móvil combirlado con un círculo trazado en el suelo, en el plano del horizonte, y dividido en 3600 (1); la segunda consiste en un cuadrante fijo situado en el plano del meridiano.Comisión Asesora de Investigación Científica y Técnic

Self-adaptive grids for noise mapping refinement

Noise maps are usually represented as contour or isolines maps describing the sound levels in a region. Using this kind of representation the user can easily find the noise level assigned to every location in the map. But the acoustic calculations behind the map are not performed for every single location on it; they are only performed in a grid of receivers. The results in this calculation grid are interpolated to draw the isolines or contours. Therefore, the resolution of the calculation grid and the way it was created (rectangular, triangulated, random…) have an effect on the resulting map. In this paper we describe a smart iterative procedure to optimize the quality of the map at a really low additional computational cost, using self-adaptive grids for the acoustic calculations. These self-adaptive grids add new receivers to the sampling grid in those locations where they are expected to be more useful, so that the performance at the output of the interpolator is enhanced. Self-adaptive sampling grids can be used for minimizing the overall error of the map (improving its quality), or for reducing calculation times, and can be also applied selectively to target areas or contour lines. This can be done by the user customizing the maximum number of iterations, the number of new receivers for each iteration, the target isolines, the target quality

Spatial Interpolation contribution to noise maps uncertainty

Noise maps results are usually presented as contour graphs or isophone curves, which describe the sound levels as functions of spatial location. These maps are added to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allowing sound level evaluation as a function of the continuous coordinates x and y, for a given height above ground. Although the outcome of the system is a continuous variable, the calculations that allow its evaluation are obtained in discrete points that form a calculation grid, which is created by the application of spatial sampling techniques. Using spatial interpolation tools, values are assigned to the locations in which measures or calculations have not been performed. The application of sampling and interpolation techniques (the type of grid, its density, the interpolation algorithms…) contributes to the uncertainty of the results. This paper describes a calculation method to quantify the uncertainty associated to the spatial sampling and interpolation process. We also propose a revision of the classical meaning of noise mapping uncertainty, taking into account the final application of the results

Introducción

.The article contextualizes tne monographic materials as reflective. comparative of prospective essays written by very experienced professionals in the f¡eld of drug dependency. all of whom participated in the Postgraduate seminary Intervención Socioeducativa y drogas (Socioeducational Intervention and Drugs). presented by the Fundació Pere Tarrés Universitat Ramon Llull (Pere Tarrés Foundation-Ramon Llull University) and the Fundación Centro de Solidaridad de Zaragoza (Center of Solidarity Foundation of Zaragoza),El artículo contextualiza los materiales del monográfico como trabajos de reflexión, balance o prospectiva escritos por distintos profesionales con una amplia experiencia de trabajo en el ámbito de las drogodependencias, que participaron en el curso de Posgrado en intervención socioeducativa y drogas impartido por la Fundació Pere Tarrés-Universitat Ramoll Llull y la Fundación Centro de Solidaridad de Zaragoza

Tourist Influence on Nightlife Noise

Although environmental noise from entertainment and leisure activities is causing a growing number of complaints from EU population, this noise issue is not covered by the current EU initiatives on environmental noise management. This noise problem is difficult to tackle strategically and technically – no specific standards have yet been established for measurements, methods and indicators, and the practical remedies are still limited. This paper reviews nightlife noise and more specifically how the presence of tourists influences the variation of the noise. Several case studies were conducted in some Spanish locations by the seasonal tourist incursion, mainly in the summer months. Variations in the nightlife noise in recreational zones during the weekends and “working days” are compared. This research also discusses data from different years and seasonal periods and reinforced with data obtained through surveys specifically designed for foreign tourists. These surveys reveal practical information about how tourists perceive noise, and their behaviour and reactions to it. Those data could be useful for Environmental Noise Authorities to develop noise action plans, as recreational noise is a source not considered when noise mapping by means of using simulation techniques