15 research outputs found

    Warming beneath an East Antarctic ice shelf due to increased subpolar westerlies and reduced sea ice

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    Understanding how climate change influences ocean-driven melting of the Antarctic ice shelves is one of the greatest challenges for projecting future sea level rise. The East Antarctic ice shelf cavities host cold water masses that limit melting, and only a few short-term observational studies exist on what drives warm water intrusions into these cavities. We analyse nine years of continuous oceanographic records from below Fimbulisen and relate them to oceanic and atmospheric forcing. On monthly time scales, warm inflow events are associated with weakened coastal easterlies reducing downwelling in front of the ice shelf. Since 2016, however, we observe sustained warming, with inflowing Warm Deep Water temperatures reaching above 0 °C. This is concurrent with an increase in satellite-derived basal melt rates of 0.62 m/yr, which nearly doubles the basal mass loss at this relatively cold ice shelf cavity. We find that this transition is linked to a reduction in coastal sea ice cover through an increase in atmosphere–ocean momentum transfer and to a strengthening of remote subpolar westerlies. These results imply that East Antarctic ice shelves may become more exposed to warmer waters with a projected increase of circum-Antarctic westerlies, increasing this region’s relevance for sea level rise projections.publishedVersio

    Variabilité et changements de l'hydrographie et de la circulation de l'océan Austral subpolaire

    No full text
    The Southern Ocean is central to the global oceanic circulation and climate. This region is however on the frontline of human-induced climate change, through intense uptake of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Consequently, the Southern Ocean has experienced important changes in its hydrography and circulation over the last decades. Its subpolar part, south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, hosts large circulation systems of importance for the production of water masses and their associate heat and carbon content, for ocean interactions with sea-ice and ice-shelves, and consequently for global mean sea level. Observations are still sparse in that region, particularly in wintertime when it is covered by sea ice. Thus, the regional response of the subpolar Southern Ocean hydrography and circulation to interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, and background circulation at various spatial and time scales is still under active research.In this thesis, I contribute to observing the variability and long-term changes of the hydrography and circulation of the subpolar Southern Ocean, and to unveil the mechanisms driving their variability. I first observe the long-term temperature changes in the upper layer of the Southern Ocean, from repeated ship-based measurement transects over 25 years. Besides previously documented trends, I refine the monitoring on the still poorly observed warming and shallowing of the warm subsurface water of the Southern Ocean. The long term warming is stronger than interannual variability, and the shallowing rate is 3 to 9 times the previously estimated one. In a second part, I develop and exploit an ocean topography dataset, spanning six years of measurements over the whole Southern Ocean south of 50°S. This dataset allows me to explore the variability of the subpolar Southern Ocean circulation, particularly the seasonal cycle of the large-scale circulation and the mesoscale variability under sea ice. At the seasonal scale, the circulation of the Weddell and Ross gyres, and the Antarctic Slope Current are mainly dictated by three modes of variability, principally linked to the surface stress of the wind on the surface of the ocean and its modulation by the sea ice. The mesoscale variability is weak outside the energetic Antarctic slope current in the pack ice, while the marginal ice zone seems to be a region with enhanced cyclonic eddies generation. The implications of these results on the physical processes of the Southern Ocean and its long-term changes are discussed.L’ocĂ©an Austral est une rĂ©gion centrale pour la circulation ocĂ©anique globale et le climat. Il est cependant Ă©galement en premiĂšre ligne du changement climatique, notamment par son absorption importante de chaleur et de carbone anthropique. Par consĂ©quent, l’ocĂ©an Austral a connu de grands changements dans sa structure hydrographique et sa circulation dans les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Sa rĂ©gion subpolaire, au sud du courant circumpolaire Antarctique, abrite une circulation grande Ă©chelle importante pour la production des masses d'eau et leur contenu de chaleur et de carbone, pour les interactions ocĂ©aniques avec la banquise et les plateformes glaciaires, avec des consĂ©quences sur l'Ă©lĂ©vation du niveau de la mer. C’est Ă©galement une rĂ©gion trĂšs peu observĂ©e, en particulier en hiver lorsque celle-ci est couverte par la banquise. Par consĂ©quent, la rĂ©ponse locale de la circulation et de la structure hydrographique de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire Ă  des interactions avec l’atmosphĂšre, la cryosphĂšre et la grande Ă©chelle est toujours sujette Ă  de nombreuses recherches. Dans cette thĂšse, je contribue Ă  observer la variabilitĂ© et les changements Ă  long terme de l’hydrographie et de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et Ă  documenter les mĂ©canismes qui contrĂŽlent leur variabilitĂ©. J’observe d’abord les changements Ă  long terme de la tempĂ©rature de la couche supĂ©rieure de l’ocĂ©an Austral, Ă  partir de transects rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s par bateau pendant 25 annĂ©es. En plus des changements dĂ©jĂ  bien documentĂ©s, je montre le rĂ©chauffement et la remontĂ©e des eaux chaudes de subsurface, Ă  une vitesse plus importante qu’estimĂ©e auparavant et de façon plus forte que la variabilitĂ© interannuelle. Je prĂ©sente ensuite un jeu de donnĂ©es de hauteur de mer, qui consiste en six annĂ©es de mesures sur l’ensemble de l’ocĂ©an Austral au sud de 50°S. Ce jeu de donnĂ©es me permet d’explorer la variabilitĂ© de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et notamment sur le cycle saisonnier de la circulation grande Ă©chelle et de l’activitĂ© mĂ©so-Ă©chelle sous la glace. À l’échelle saisonniĂšre, la circulation des gyres de Weddell, de Ross et le courant de pente Antarctique sont principalement dictĂ©s par trois modes de variabilitĂ©s, reliĂ©s Ă  la tension de vent en surface et sa modulation par la glace de mer. La circulation de mĂ©so-Ă©chelle est faible sous la banquise hors du courant de pente Antarctique, alors que la zone marginale de glace semble favoriser la gĂ©nĂ©ration de tourbillons cycloniques. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour les mĂ©canismes physiques de l’ocĂ©an Austral et ses changements Ă  long terme sont discutĂ©es

    Variabilité et changements de l'hydrographie et de la circulation de l'océan Austral subpolaire

    No full text
    L’ocĂ©an Austral est une rĂ©gion centrale pour la circulation ocĂ©anique globale et le climat. Il est cependant Ă©galement en premiĂšre ligne du changement climatique, notamment par son absorption importante de chaleur et de carbone anthropique. Par consĂ©quent, l’ocĂ©an Austral a connu de grands changements dans sa structure hydrographique et sa circulation dans les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Sa rĂ©gion subpolaire, au sud du courant circumpolaire Antarctique, abrite une circulation grande Ă©chelle importante pour la production des masses d'eau et leur contenu de chaleur et de carbone, pour les interactions ocĂ©aniques avec la banquise et les plateformes glaciaires, avec des consĂ©quences sur l'Ă©lĂ©vation du niveau de la mer. C’est Ă©galement une rĂ©gion trĂšs peu observĂ©e, en particulier en hiver lorsque celle-ci est couverte par la banquise. Par consĂ©quent, la rĂ©ponse locale de la circulation et de la structure hydrographique de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire Ă  des interactions avec l’atmosphĂšre, la cryosphĂšre et la grande Ă©chelle est toujours sujette Ă  de nombreuses recherches. Dans cette thĂšse, je contribue Ă  observer la variabilitĂ© et les changements Ă  long terme de l’hydrographie et de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et Ă  documenter les mĂ©canismes qui contrĂŽlent leur variabilitĂ©. J’observe d’abord les changements Ă  long terme de la tempĂ©rature de la couche supĂ©rieure de l’ocĂ©an Austral, Ă  partir de transects rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s par bateau pendant 25 annĂ©es. En plus des changements dĂ©jĂ  bien documentĂ©s, je montre le rĂ©chauffement et la remontĂ©e des eaux chaudes de subsurface, Ă  une vitesse plus importante qu’estimĂ©e auparavant et de façon plus forte que la variabilitĂ© interannuelle. Je prĂ©sente ensuite un jeu de donnĂ©es de hauteur de mer, qui consiste en six annĂ©es de mesures sur l’ensemble de l’ocĂ©an Austral au sud de 50°S. Ce jeu de donnĂ©es me permet d’explorer la variabilitĂ© de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et notamment sur le cycle saisonnier de la circulation grande Ă©chelle et de l’activitĂ© mĂ©so-Ă©chelle sous la glace. À l’échelle saisonniĂšre, la circulation des gyres de Weddell, de Ross et le courant de pente Antarctique sont principalement dictĂ©s par trois modes de variabilitĂ©s, reliĂ©s Ă  la tension de vent en surface et sa modulation par la glace de mer. La circulation de mĂ©so-Ă©chelle est faible sous la banquise hors du courant de pente Antarctique, alors que la zone marginale de glace semble favoriser la gĂ©nĂ©ration de tourbillons cycloniques. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour les mĂ©canismes physiques de l’ocĂ©an Austral et ses changements Ă  long terme sont discutĂ©es.The Southern Ocean is central to the global oceanic circulation and climate. This region is however on the frontline of human-induced climate change, through intense uptake of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Consequently, the Southern Ocean has experienced important changes in its hydrography and circulation over the last decades. Its subpolar part, south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, hosts large circulation systems of importance for the production of water masses and their associate heat and carbon content, for ocean interactions with sea-ice and ice-shelves, and consequently for global mean sea level. Observations are still sparse in that region, particularly in wintertime when it is covered by sea ice. Thus, the regional response of the subpolar Southern Ocean hydrography and circulation to interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, and background circulation at various spatial and time scales is still under active research.In this thesis, I contribute to observing the variability and long-term changes of the hydrography and circulation of the subpolar Southern Ocean, and to unveil the mechanisms driving their variability. I first observe the long-term temperature changes in the upper layer of the Southern Ocean, from repeated ship-based measurement transects over 25 years. Besides previously documented trends, I refine the monitoring on the still poorly observed warming and shallowing of the warm subsurface water of the Southern Ocean. The long term warming is stronger than interannual variability, and the shallowing rate is 3 to 9 times the previously estimated one. In a second part, I develop and exploit an ocean topography dataset, spanning six years of measurements over the whole Southern Ocean south of 50°S. This dataset allows me to explore the variability of the subpolar Southern Ocean circulation, particularly the seasonal cycle of the large-scale circulation and the mesoscale variability under sea ice. At the seasonal scale, the circulation of the Weddell and Ross gyres, and the Antarctic Slope Current are mainly dictated by three modes of variability, principally linked to the surface stress of the wind on the surface of the ocean and its modulation by the sea ice. The mesoscale variability is weak outside the energetic Antarctic slope current in the pack ice, while the marginal ice zone seems to be a region with enhanced cyclonic eddies generation. The implications of these results on the physical processes of the Southern Ocean and its long-term changes are discussed

    Variabilité et changements de l'hydrographie et de la circulation de l'océan Austral subpolaire

    No full text
    The Southern Ocean is central to the global oceanic circulation and climate. This region is however on the frontline of human-induced climate change, through intense uptake of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Consequently, the Southern Ocean has experienced important changes in its hydrography and circulation over the last decades. Its subpolar part, south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, hosts large circulation systems of importance for the production of water masses and their associate heat and carbon content, for ocean interactions with sea-ice and ice-shelves, and consequently for global mean sea level. Observations are still sparse in that region, particularly in wintertime when it is covered by sea ice. Thus, the regional response of the subpolar Southern Ocean hydrography and circulation to interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, and background circulation at various spatial and time scales is still under active research.In this thesis, I contribute to observing the variability and long-term changes of the hydrography and circulation of the subpolar Southern Ocean, and to unveil the mechanisms driving their variability. I first observe the long-term temperature changes in the upper layer of the Southern Ocean, from repeated ship-based measurement transects over 25 years. Besides previously documented trends, I refine the monitoring on the still poorly observed warming and shallowing of the warm subsurface water of the Southern Ocean. The long term warming is stronger than interannual variability, and the shallowing rate is 3 to 9 times the previously estimated one. In a second part, I develop and exploit an ocean topography dataset, spanning six years of measurements over the whole Southern Ocean south of 50°S. This dataset allows me to explore the variability of the subpolar Southern Ocean circulation, particularly the seasonal cycle of the large-scale circulation and the mesoscale variability under sea ice. At the seasonal scale, the circulation of the Weddell and Ross gyres, and the Antarctic Slope Current are mainly dictated by three modes of variability, principally linked to the surface stress of the wind on the surface of the ocean and its modulation by the sea ice. The mesoscale variability is weak outside the energetic Antarctic slope current in the pack ice, while the marginal ice zone seems to be a region with enhanced cyclonic eddies generation. The implications of these results on the physical processes of the Southern Ocean and its long-term changes are discussed.L’ocĂ©an Austral est une rĂ©gion centrale pour la circulation ocĂ©anique globale et le climat. Il est cependant Ă©galement en premiĂšre ligne du changement climatique, notamment par son absorption importante de chaleur et de carbone anthropique. Par consĂ©quent, l’ocĂ©an Austral a connu de grands changements dans sa structure hydrographique et sa circulation dans les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Sa rĂ©gion subpolaire, au sud du courant circumpolaire Antarctique, abrite une circulation grande Ă©chelle importante pour la production des masses d'eau et leur contenu de chaleur et de carbone, pour les interactions ocĂ©aniques avec la banquise et les plateformes glaciaires, avec des consĂ©quences sur l'Ă©lĂ©vation du niveau de la mer. C’est Ă©galement une rĂ©gion trĂšs peu observĂ©e, en particulier en hiver lorsque celle-ci est couverte par la banquise. Par consĂ©quent, la rĂ©ponse locale de la circulation et de la structure hydrographique de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire Ă  des interactions avec l’atmosphĂšre, la cryosphĂšre et la grande Ă©chelle est toujours sujette Ă  de nombreuses recherches. Dans cette thĂšse, je contribue Ă  observer la variabilitĂ© et les changements Ă  long terme de l’hydrographie et de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et Ă  documenter les mĂ©canismes qui contrĂŽlent leur variabilitĂ©. J’observe d’abord les changements Ă  long terme de la tempĂ©rature de la couche supĂ©rieure de l’ocĂ©an Austral, Ă  partir de transects rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s par bateau pendant 25 annĂ©es. En plus des changements dĂ©jĂ  bien documentĂ©s, je montre le rĂ©chauffement et la remontĂ©e des eaux chaudes de subsurface, Ă  une vitesse plus importante qu’estimĂ©e auparavant et de façon plus forte que la variabilitĂ© interannuelle. Je prĂ©sente ensuite un jeu de donnĂ©es de hauteur de mer, qui consiste en six annĂ©es de mesures sur l’ensemble de l’ocĂ©an Austral au sud de 50°S. Ce jeu de donnĂ©es me permet d’explorer la variabilitĂ© de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et notamment sur le cycle saisonnier de la circulation grande Ă©chelle et de l’activitĂ© mĂ©so-Ă©chelle sous la glace. À l’échelle saisonniĂšre, la circulation des gyres de Weddell, de Ross et le courant de pente Antarctique sont principalement dictĂ©s par trois modes de variabilitĂ©s, reliĂ©s Ă  la tension de vent en surface et sa modulation par la glace de mer. La circulation de mĂ©so-Ă©chelle est faible sous la banquise hors du courant de pente Antarctique, alors que la zone marginale de glace semble favoriser la gĂ©nĂ©ration de tourbillons cycloniques. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour les mĂ©canismes physiques de l’ocĂ©an Austral et ses changements Ă  long terme sont discutĂ©es

    Variabilité et changements de l'hydrographie et de la circulation de l'océan Austral subpolaire

    No full text
    The Southern Ocean is central to the global oceanic circulation and climate. This region is however on the frontline of human-induced climate change, through intense uptake of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Consequently, the Southern Ocean has experienced important changes in its hydrography and circulation over the last decades. Its subpolar part, south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, hosts large circulation systems of importance for the production of water masses and their associate heat and carbon content, for ocean interactions with sea-ice and ice-shelves, and consequently for global mean sea level. Observations are still sparse in that region, particularly in wintertime when it is covered by sea ice. Thus, the regional response of the subpolar Southern Ocean hydrography and circulation to interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, and background circulation at various spatial and time scales is still under active research.In this thesis, I contribute to observing the variability and long-term changes of the hydrography and circulation of the subpolar Southern Ocean, and to unveil the mechanisms driving their variability. I first observe the long-term temperature changes in the upper layer of the Southern Ocean, from repeated ship-based measurement transects over 25 years. Besides previously documented trends, I refine the monitoring on the still poorly observed warming and shallowing of the warm subsurface water of the Southern Ocean. The long term warming is stronger than interannual variability, and the shallowing rate is 3 to 9 times the previously estimated one. In a second part, I develop and exploit an ocean topography dataset, spanning six years of measurements over the whole Southern Ocean south of 50°S. This dataset allows me to explore the variability of the subpolar Southern Ocean circulation, particularly the seasonal cycle of the large-scale circulation and the mesoscale variability under sea ice. At the seasonal scale, the circulation of the Weddell and Ross gyres, and the Antarctic Slope Current are mainly dictated by three modes of variability, principally linked to the surface stress of the wind on the surface of the ocean and its modulation by the sea ice. The mesoscale variability is weak outside the energetic Antarctic slope current in the pack ice, while the marginal ice zone seems to be a region with enhanced cyclonic eddies generation. The implications of these results on the physical processes of the Southern Ocean and its long-term changes are discussed.L’ocĂ©an Austral est une rĂ©gion centrale pour la circulation ocĂ©anique globale et le climat. Il est cependant Ă©galement en premiĂšre ligne du changement climatique, notamment par son absorption importante de chaleur et de carbone anthropique. Par consĂ©quent, l’ocĂ©an Austral a connu de grands changements dans sa structure hydrographique et sa circulation dans les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Sa rĂ©gion subpolaire, au sud du courant circumpolaire Antarctique, abrite une circulation grande Ă©chelle importante pour la production des masses d'eau et leur contenu de chaleur et de carbone, pour les interactions ocĂ©aniques avec la banquise et les plateformes glaciaires, avec des consĂ©quences sur l'Ă©lĂ©vation du niveau de la mer. C’est Ă©galement une rĂ©gion trĂšs peu observĂ©e, en particulier en hiver lorsque celle-ci est couverte par la banquise. Par consĂ©quent, la rĂ©ponse locale de la circulation et de la structure hydrographique de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire Ă  des interactions avec l’atmosphĂšre, la cryosphĂšre et la grande Ă©chelle est toujours sujette Ă  de nombreuses recherches. Dans cette thĂšse, je contribue Ă  observer la variabilitĂ© et les changements Ă  long terme de l’hydrographie et de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et Ă  documenter les mĂ©canismes qui contrĂŽlent leur variabilitĂ©. J’observe d’abord les changements Ă  long terme de la tempĂ©rature de la couche supĂ©rieure de l’ocĂ©an Austral, Ă  partir de transects rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s par bateau pendant 25 annĂ©es. En plus des changements dĂ©jĂ  bien documentĂ©s, je montre le rĂ©chauffement et la remontĂ©e des eaux chaudes de subsurface, Ă  une vitesse plus importante qu’estimĂ©e auparavant et de façon plus forte que la variabilitĂ© interannuelle. Je prĂ©sente ensuite un jeu de donnĂ©es de hauteur de mer, qui consiste en six annĂ©es de mesures sur l’ensemble de l’ocĂ©an Austral au sud de 50°S. Ce jeu de donnĂ©es me permet d’explorer la variabilitĂ© de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et notamment sur le cycle saisonnier de la circulation grande Ă©chelle et de l’activitĂ© mĂ©so-Ă©chelle sous la glace. À l’échelle saisonniĂšre, la circulation des gyres de Weddell, de Ross et le courant de pente Antarctique sont principalement dictĂ©s par trois modes de variabilitĂ©s, reliĂ©s Ă  la tension de vent en surface et sa modulation par la glace de mer. La circulation de mĂ©so-Ă©chelle est faible sous la banquise hors du courant de pente Antarctique, alors que la zone marginale de glace semble favoriser la gĂ©nĂ©ration de tourbillons cycloniques. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour les mĂ©canismes physiques de l’ocĂ©an Austral et ses changements Ă  long terme sont discutĂ©es

    Variabilité et changements de l'hydrographie et de la circulation de l'océan Austral subpolaire

    No full text
    The Southern Ocean is central to the global oceanic circulation and climate. This region is however on the frontline of human-induced climate change, through intense uptake of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Consequently, the Southern Ocean has experienced important changes in its hydrography and circulation over the last decades. Its subpolar part, south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, hosts large circulation systems of importance for the production of water masses and their associate heat and carbon content, for ocean interactions with sea-ice and ice-shelves, and consequently for global mean sea level. Observations are still sparse in that region, particularly in wintertime when it is covered by sea ice. Thus, the regional response of the subpolar Southern Ocean hydrography and circulation to interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, and background circulation at various spatial and time scales is still under active research.In this thesis, I contribute to observing the variability and long-term changes of the hydrography and circulation of the subpolar Southern Ocean, and to unveil the mechanisms driving their variability. I first observe the long-term temperature changes in the upper layer of the Southern Ocean, from repeated ship-based measurement transects over 25 years. Besides previously documented trends, I refine the monitoring on the still poorly observed warming and shallowing of the warm subsurface water of the Southern Ocean. The long term warming is stronger than interannual variability, and the shallowing rate is 3 to 9 times the previously estimated one. In a second part, I develop and exploit an ocean topography dataset, spanning six years of measurements over the whole Southern Ocean south of 50°S. This dataset allows me to explore the variability of the subpolar Southern Ocean circulation, particularly the seasonal cycle of the large-scale circulation and the mesoscale variability under sea ice. At the seasonal scale, the circulation of the Weddell and Ross gyres, and the Antarctic Slope Current are mainly dictated by three modes of variability, principally linked to the surface stress of the wind on the surface of the ocean and its modulation by the sea ice. The mesoscale variability is weak outside the energetic Antarctic slope current in the pack ice, while the marginal ice zone seems to be a region with enhanced cyclonic eddies generation. The implications of these results on the physical processes of the Southern Ocean and its long-term changes are discussed.L’ocĂ©an Austral est une rĂ©gion centrale pour la circulation ocĂ©anique globale et le climat. Il est cependant Ă©galement en premiĂšre ligne du changement climatique, notamment par son absorption importante de chaleur et de carbone anthropique. Par consĂ©quent, l’ocĂ©an Austral a connu de grands changements dans sa structure hydrographique et sa circulation dans les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Sa rĂ©gion subpolaire, au sud du courant circumpolaire Antarctique, abrite une circulation grande Ă©chelle importante pour la production des masses d'eau et leur contenu de chaleur et de carbone, pour les interactions ocĂ©aniques avec la banquise et les plateformes glaciaires, avec des consĂ©quences sur l'Ă©lĂ©vation du niveau de la mer. C’est Ă©galement une rĂ©gion trĂšs peu observĂ©e, en particulier en hiver lorsque celle-ci est couverte par la banquise. Par consĂ©quent, la rĂ©ponse locale de la circulation et de la structure hydrographique de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire Ă  des interactions avec l’atmosphĂšre, la cryosphĂšre et la grande Ă©chelle est toujours sujette Ă  de nombreuses recherches. Dans cette thĂšse, je contribue Ă  observer la variabilitĂ© et les changements Ă  long terme de l’hydrographie et de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et Ă  documenter les mĂ©canismes qui contrĂŽlent leur variabilitĂ©. J’observe d’abord les changements Ă  long terme de la tempĂ©rature de la couche supĂ©rieure de l’ocĂ©an Austral, Ă  partir de transects rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s par bateau pendant 25 annĂ©es. En plus des changements dĂ©jĂ  bien documentĂ©s, je montre le rĂ©chauffement et la remontĂ©e des eaux chaudes de subsurface, Ă  une vitesse plus importante qu’estimĂ©e auparavant et de façon plus forte que la variabilitĂ© interannuelle. Je prĂ©sente ensuite un jeu de donnĂ©es de hauteur de mer, qui consiste en six annĂ©es de mesures sur l’ensemble de l’ocĂ©an Austral au sud de 50°S. Ce jeu de donnĂ©es me permet d’explorer la variabilitĂ© de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et notamment sur le cycle saisonnier de la circulation grande Ă©chelle et de l’activitĂ© mĂ©so-Ă©chelle sous la glace. À l’échelle saisonniĂšre, la circulation des gyres de Weddell, de Ross et le courant de pente Antarctique sont principalement dictĂ©s par trois modes de variabilitĂ©s, reliĂ©s Ă  la tension de vent en surface et sa modulation par la glace de mer. La circulation de mĂ©so-Ă©chelle est faible sous la banquise hors du courant de pente Antarctique, alors que la zone marginale de glace semble favoriser la gĂ©nĂ©ration de tourbillons cycloniques. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour les mĂ©canismes physiques de l’ocĂ©an Austral et ses changements Ă  long terme sont discutĂ©es

    Variabilité et changements de l'hydrographie et de la circulation de l'océan Austral subpolaire

    No full text
    The Southern Ocean is central to the global oceanic circulation and climate. This region is however on the frontline of human-induced climate change, through intense uptake of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Consequently, the Southern Ocean has experienced important changes in its hydrography and circulation over the last decades. Its subpolar part, south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, hosts large circulation systems of importance for the production of water masses and their associate heat and carbon content, for ocean interactions with sea-ice and ice-shelves, and consequently for global mean sea level. Observations are still sparse in that region, particularly in wintertime when it is covered by sea ice. Thus, the regional response of the subpolar Southern Ocean hydrography and circulation to interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, and background circulation at various spatial and time scales is still under active research.In this thesis, I contribute to observing the variability and long-term changes of the hydrography and circulation of the subpolar Southern Ocean, and to unveil the mechanisms driving their variability. I first observe the long-term temperature changes in the upper layer of the Southern Ocean, from repeated ship-based measurement transects over 25 years. Besides previously documented trends, I refine the monitoring on the still poorly observed warming and shallowing of the warm subsurface water of the Southern Ocean. The long term warming is stronger than interannual variability, and the shallowing rate is 3 to 9 times the previously estimated one. In a second part, I develop and exploit an ocean topography dataset, spanning six years of measurements over the whole Southern Ocean south of 50°S. This dataset allows me to explore the variability of the subpolar Southern Ocean circulation, particularly the seasonal cycle of the large-scale circulation and the mesoscale variability under sea ice. At the seasonal scale, the circulation of the Weddell and Ross gyres, and the Antarctic Slope Current are mainly dictated by three modes of variability, principally linked to the surface stress of the wind on the surface of the ocean and its modulation by the sea ice. The mesoscale variability is weak outside the energetic Antarctic slope current in the pack ice, while the marginal ice zone seems to be a region with enhanced cyclonic eddies generation. The implications of these results on the physical processes of the Southern Ocean and its long-term changes are discussed.L’ocĂ©an Austral est une rĂ©gion centrale pour la circulation ocĂ©anique globale et le climat. Il est cependant Ă©galement en premiĂšre ligne du changement climatique, notamment par son absorption importante de chaleur et de carbone anthropique. Par consĂ©quent, l’ocĂ©an Austral a connu de grands changements dans sa structure hydrographique et sa circulation dans les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Sa rĂ©gion subpolaire, au sud du courant circumpolaire Antarctique, abrite une circulation grande Ă©chelle importante pour la production des masses d'eau et leur contenu de chaleur et de carbone, pour les interactions ocĂ©aniques avec la banquise et les plateformes glaciaires, avec des consĂ©quences sur l'Ă©lĂ©vation du niveau de la mer. C’est Ă©galement une rĂ©gion trĂšs peu observĂ©e, en particulier en hiver lorsque celle-ci est couverte par la banquise. Par consĂ©quent, la rĂ©ponse locale de la circulation et de la structure hydrographique de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire Ă  des interactions avec l’atmosphĂšre, la cryosphĂšre et la grande Ă©chelle est toujours sujette Ă  de nombreuses recherches. Dans cette thĂšse, je contribue Ă  observer la variabilitĂ© et les changements Ă  long terme de l’hydrographie et de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et Ă  documenter les mĂ©canismes qui contrĂŽlent leur variabilitĂ©. J’observe d’abord les changements Ă  long terme de la tempĂ©rature de la couche supĂ©rieure de l’ocĂ©an Austral, Ă  partir de transects rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s par bateau pendant 25 annĂ©es. En plus des changements dĂ©jĂ  bien documentĂ©s, je montre le rĂ©chauffement et la remontĂ©e des eaux chaudes de subsurface, Ă  une vitesse plus importante qu’estimĂ©e auparavant et de façon plus forte que la variabilitĂ© interannuelle. Je prĂ©sente ensuite un jeu de donnĂ©es de hauteur de mer, qui consiste en six annĂ©es de mesures sur l’ensemble de l’ocĂ©an Austral au sud de 50°S. Ce jeu de donnĂ©es me permet d’explorer la variabilitĂ© de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et notamment sur le cycle saisonnier de la circulation grande Ă©chelle et de l’activitĂ© mĂ©so-Ă©chelle sous la glace. À l’échelle saisonniĂšre, la circulation des gyres de Weddell, de Ross et le courant de pente Antarctique sont principalement dictĂ©s par trois modes de variabilitĂ©s, reliĂ©s Ă  la tension de vent en surface et sa modulation par la glace de mer. La circulation de mĂ©so-Ă©chelle est faible sous la banquise hors du courant de pente Antarctique, alors que la zone marginale de glace semble favoriser la gĂ©nĂ©ration de tourbillons cycloniques. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour les mĂ©canismes physiques de l’ocĂ©an Austral et ses changements Ă  long terme sont discutĂ©es

    Variabilité et changements de l'hydrographie et de la circulation de l'océan Austral subpolaire

    No full text
    The Southern Ocean is central to the global oceanic circulation and climate. This region is however on the frontline of human-induced climate change, through intense uptake of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Consequently, the Southern Ocean has experienced important changes in its hydrography and circulation over the last decades. Its subpolar part, south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, hosts large circulation systems of importance for the production of water masses and their associate heat and carbon content, for ocean interactions with sea-ice and ice-shelves, and consequently for global mean sea level. Observations are still sparse in that region, particularly in wintertime when it is covered by sea ice. Thus, the regional response of the subpolar Southern Ocean hydrography and circulation to interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, and background circulation at various spatial and time scales is still under active research.In this thesis, I contribute to observing the variability and long-term changes of the hydrography and circulation of the subpolar Southern Ocean, and to unveil the mechanisms driving their variability. I first observe the long-term temperature changes in the upper layer of the Southern Ocean, from repeated ship-based measurement transects over 25 years. Besides previously documented trends, I refine the monitoring on the still poorly observed warming and shallowing of the warm subsurface water of the Southern Ocean. The long term warming is stronger than interannual variability, and the shallowing rate is 3 to 9 times the previously estimated one. In a second part, I develop and exploit an ocean topography dataset, spanning six years of measurements over the whole Southern Ocean south of 50°S. This dataset allows me to explore the variability of the subpolar Southern Ocean circulation, particularly the seasonal cycle of the large-scale circulation and the mesoscale variability under sea ice. At the seasonal scale, the circulation of the Weddell and Ross gyres, and the Antarctic Slope Current are mainly dictated by three modes of variability, principally linked to the surface stress of the wind on the surface of the ocean and its modulation by the sea ice. The mesoscale variability is weak outside the energetic Antarctic slope current in the pack ice, while the marginal ice zone seems to be a region with enhanced cyclonic eddies generation. The implications of these results on the physical processes of the Southern Ocean and its long-term changes are discussed.L’ocĂ©an Austral est une rĂ©gion centrale pour la circulation ocĂ©anique globale et le climat. Il est cependant Ă©galement en premiĂšre ligne du changement climatique, notamment par son absorption importante de chaleur et de carbone anthropique. Par consĂ©quent, l’ocĂ©an Austral a connu de grands changements dans sa structure hydrographique et sa circulation dans les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Sa rĂ©gion subpolaire, au sud du courant circumpolaire Antarctique, abrite une circulation grande Ă©chelle importante pour la production des masses d'eau et leur contenu de chaleur et de carbone, pour les interactions ocĂ©aniques avec la banquise et les plateformes glaciaires, avec des consĂ©quences sur l'Ă©lĂ©vation du niveau de la mer. C’est Ă©galement une rĂ©gion trĂšs peu observĂ©e, en particulier en hiver lorsque celle-ci est couverte par la banquise. Par consĂ©quent, la rĂ©ponse locale de la circulation et de la structure hydrographique de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire Ă  des interactions avec l’atmosphĂšre, la cryosphĂšre et la grande Ă©chelle est toujours sujette Ă  de nombreuses recherches. Dans cette thĂšse, je contribue Ă  observer la variabilitĂ© et les changements Ă  long terme de l’hydrographie et de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et Ă  documenter les mĂ©canismes qui contrĂŽlent leur variabilitĂ©. J’observe d’abord les changements Ă  long terme de la tempĂ©rature de la couche supĂ©rieure de l’ocĂ©an Austral, Ă  partir de transects rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s par bateau pendant 25 annĂ©es. En plus des changements dĂ©jĂ  bien documentĂ©s, je montre le rĂ©chauffement et la remontĂ©e des eaux chaudes de subsurface, Ă  une vitesse plus importante qu’estimĂ©e auparavant et de façon plus forte que la variabilitĂ© interannuelle. Je prĂ©sente ensuite un jeu de donnĂ©es de hauteur de mer, qui consiste en six annĂ©es de mesures sur l’ensemble de l’ocĂ©an Austral au sud de 50°S. Ce jeu de donnĂ©es me permet d’explorer la variabilitĂ© de la circulation de l’ocĂ©an Austral subpolaire, et notamment sur le cycle saisonnier de la circulation grande Ă©chelle et de l’activitĂ© mĂ©so-Ă©chelle sous la glace. À l’échelle saisonniĂšre, la circulation des gyres de Weddell, de Ross et le courant de pente Antarctique sont principalement dictĂ©s par trois modes de variabilitĂ©s, reliĂ©s Ă  la tension de vent en surface et sa modulation par la glace de mer. La circulation de mĂ©so-Ă©chelle est faible sous la banquise hors du courant de pente Antarctique, alors que la zone marginale de glace semble favoriser la gĂ©nĂ©ration de tourbillons cycloniques. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour les mĂ©canismes physiques de l’ocĂ©an Austral et ses changements Ă  long terme sont discutĂ©es

    Southern ocean sea level anomaly in the sea ice-covered sector from multimission satellite observations

    No full text
    International audienceAbstract Despite its central role in the global climate, the Southern Ocean circulation is still one of the least understood ocean circulation systems of the planet. One major constraint to our understanding of this region is the challenge of observing ocean circulation in the seasonally sea ice sector of the Southern Ocean. Here, we present a new Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) product, focusing on the subpolar Southern Ocean and including its sea ice covered parts from 2013 to 2019. Combining observations from multiple satellites, including Cryosat-2, Sentinel-3A, and SARAL/AltiKa, processed with state-of-the-art algorithms, allows an improvement in spatial and temporal resolution compared with previous products. Validation is made by comparing our estimate with existing SLA products, cross-comparing estimates from individual satellites in the sea ice zones, and comparing the time series of the product with a Bottom Pressure Recorder in the Drake Passage

    Publisher Correction: Southern Ocean in-situ temperature trends over 25 years emerge from interannual variability

    No full text
    International audienceCorrection to: Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20781-1, published online 21 January 2021
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