Prolactin induces apoptosis of lactotropes in female rodents

Anterior pituitary cell turnover occurring during female sexual cycle is a poorly understood process that involves complex regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis by multiple hormones. In rats, the prolactin (PRL) surge that occurs at proestrus coincides with the highest apoptotic rate. Since anterior pituitary cells express the prolactin receptor (PRLR), we aimed to address the actual role of PRL in the regulation of pituitary cell turnover in cycling females. We showed that acute hyperprolactinemia induced in ovariectomized rats using PRL injection or dopamine antagonist treatment rapidly increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation specifically of PRL producing cells (lactotropes), suggesting a direct regulation of these cell responses by PRL. To demonstrate that apoptosis naturally occurring at proestrus was regulated by transient elevation of endogenous PRL levels, we used PRLR-deficient female mice (PRLRKO) in which PRL signaling is totally abolished. According to our hypothesis, no increase in lactotrope apoptotic rate was observed at proestrus, which likely contributes to pituitary tumorigenesis observed in these animals. To decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying PRL effects, we explored the isoform-specific pattern of PRLR expression in cycling wild type females. This analysis revealed dramatic changes of long versus short PRLR ratio during the estrous cycle, which is particularly relevant since these isoforms exhibit distinct signaling properties. This pattern was markedly altered in a model of chronic PRLR signaling blockade involving transgenic mice expressing a pure PRLR antagonist (TGΔ1–9-G129R-hPRL), providing evidence that PRL regulates the expression of its own receptor in an isoform-specific manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate that i) the PRL surge occurring during proestrus is a major proapoptotic signal for lactotropes, and ii) partial or total deficiencies in PRLR signaling in the anterior pituitary may result in pituitary hyperplasia and eventual prolactinoma development, as observed in TGΔ1–9-G129R-hPRL and PRLRKO mice, respectively.Fil: Ferraris, Maria Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Zarate, Sandra Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Jaita, Gabriela Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Boutillon, Florencia. Universite Paris Sud; FranciaFil: Bernadet, Marie. Universite Paris Descartes; FranciaFil: Auffret, Julien. Universite Paris Sud; FranciaFil: Seilicovich, Adriana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Binart, Nadine. Universite Paris Sud; FranciaFil: Goffin, Vincent. Universite Paris Descartes; FranciaFil: Pisera, Daniel Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Impact of lactogen hormones on pancreatic beta cell and adipocyte

Pour étudier l’impact de la signalisation de la prolactine (PRL), une hormone impliquée dans la proliférationcellulaire sur l’adipocyte et la cellule β pancréatique, deux types cellulaires impliqués dans la balanceénergétique, nous avons caractérisé le phénotype de souris déficientes en récepteur de la PRL (R PRL-/-) sousdifférentes conditions physiopathologiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l’impact du R PRL sur ledéveloppement d’une obésité induite par un régime obésogène. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommesintéressés à l’impact du R PRL sur l’ontogenèse des cellules β durant les adaptations périnatales. Nous avonsaussi évalué son rôle sur la sécrétion d’insuline à l’âge adulte.Notre première étude montre que les souris R PRL-/- sous régime obésogène ont une prise de poids réduite etune augmentation de la dépense énergétique comparées à celles des souris sauvages. Nous montrons que desadipocytes beiges, une nouvelle classe d’adipocytes thermoactifs récemment caractérisés et exprimant laprotéine découplante UCP1, émergent dans le tissu adipeux blanc périrénal des souris R PRL-/- soumises à unrégime gras. Nous avons démontré que le R PRL contribue à l’apparition des adipocytes beiges en modulant lavoie de signalisation pRb/FoxC2 permettant la résistance à l’obésité induite par le régime gras.Notre deuxième étude montre que la souris R PRL-/- et le rat GK, un modèle de diabète de type 2, ont un défautd’adaptation de la masse des cellules β en période périnatale. Cette altération est corrélée à un défautd’expression d’igf2 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 2), une cible de la PRL. A partir d’îlots de Langherans de sourisadultes, nous avons confirmé que le R PRL est essentiel à la sécrétion d’insuline.Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mieux comprendre le rôle de la PRL sur la balance énergétique. Ces travauxouvrent des perspectives nouvelles pour le développement de stratégies thérapeutiques dans la lutte contrel’obésité et le diabète de type II.In order to study the impact of prolactin (PRL) signaling on pancreatic β-cell and adipocyte, two cell typesinvolved in energy balance, we characterized the phenotype of PRL receptor deficient mice (PRL R-/-) underdifferent physiopathological conditions. First, we studied the impact of PRL R on the development of obesityinduced by a high fat diet. Second, we investigated the impact of PRL R on β-cell ontogenesis during perinataladaptation and its role in insulin secretion during adulthood.Our first study shows that PRL R-/- mice under obesogenic diet have a reduced weight gain and an increase ofenergy expenditure as compared to those of wild-type mice. We showed that beige adipocytes, a new class ofthermogenic adipocytes recently characterized expressing uncoupling protein UCP1, emerged in the perirenalwhite adipose tissue of PRL R-/- mice challenged with a high fat diet. Altered expression of pRb/FoxC2 suggeststhat PRL R contributes to the development of beige adipocytes modulating this signaling pathway for resistanceto high fat diet induced obesity.Our second study shows that PRL R-/- mice do not adapt β-cell mass in perinatal period and this alteration isassociated with a lack of igf2 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 2) expression, a PRL target. We confirmed that R PRL isessential for insulin secretion using b islets in adult animals.These results lead to a better understanding of the PRL role on energy balance, and open new perspectives forthe development of therapeutic strategies in obesity and type II diabete

Impact des hormones lactogènes sur la cellule b pancréatique et l'adipocyte

Pour étudier l impact de la signalisation de la prolactine (PRL), une hormone impliquée dans la proliférationcellulaire sur l adipocyte et la cellule b pancréatique, deux types cellulaires impliqués dans la balanceénergétique, nous avons caractérisé le phénotype de souris déficientes en récepteur de la PRL (R PRL-/-) sousdifférentes conditions physiopathologiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l impact du R PRL sur ledéveloppement d une obésité induite par un régime obésogène. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommesintéressés à l impact du R PRL sur l ontogenèse des cellules b durant les adaptations périnatales. Nous avonsaussi évalué son rôle sur la sécrétion d insuline à l âge adulte.Notre première étude montre que les souris R PRL-/- sous régime obésogène ont une prise de poids réduite etune augmentation de la dépense énergétique comparées à celles des souris sauvages. Nous montrons que desadipocytes beiges, une nouvelle classe d adipocytes thermoactifs récemment caractérisés et exprimant laprotéine découplante UCP1, émergent dans le tissu adipeux blanc périrénal des souris R PRL-/- soumises à unrégime gras. Nous avons démontré que le R PRL contribue à l apparition des adipocytes beiges en modulant lavoie de signalisation pRb/FoxC2 permettant la résistance à l obésité induite par le régime gras.Notre deuxième étude montre que la souris R PRL-/- et le rat GK, un modèle de diabète de type 2, ont un défautd adaptation de la masse des cellules b en période périnatale. Cette altération est corrélée à un défautd expression d igf2 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 2), une cible de la PRL. A partir d îlots de Langherans de sourisadultes, nous avons confirmé que le R PRL est essentiel à la sécrétion d insuline.Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mieux comprendre le rôle de la PRL sur la balance énergétique. Ces travauxouvrent des perspectives nouvelles pour le développement de stratégies thérapeutiques dans la lutte contrel obésité et le diabète de type II.In order to study the impact of prolactin (PRL) signaling on pancreatic b-cell and adipocyte, two cell typesinvolved in energy balance, we characterized the phenotype of PRL receptor deficient mice (PRL R-/-) underdifferent physiopathological conditions. First, we studied the impact of PRL R on the development of obesityinduced by a high fat diet. Second, we investigated the impact of PRL R on b-cell ontogenesis during perinataladaptation and its role in insulin secretion during adulthood.Our first study shows that PRL R-/- mice under obesogenic diet have a reduced weight gain and an increase ofenergy expenditure as compared to those of wild-type mice. We showed that beige adipocytes, a new class ofthermogenic adipocytes recently characterized expressing uncoupling protein UCP1, emerged in the perirenalwhite adipose tissue of PRL R-/- mice challenged with a high fat diet. Altered expression of pRb/FoxC2 suggeststhat PRL R contributes to the development of beige adipocytes modulating this signaling pathway for resistanceto high fat diet induced obesity.Our second study shows that PRL R-/- mice do not adapt b-cell mass in perinatal period and this alteration isassociated with a lack of igf2 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 2) expression, a PRL target. We confirmed that R PRL isessential for insulin secretion using b islets in adult animals.These results lead to a better understanding of the PRL role on energy balance, and open new perspectives forthe development of therapeutic strategies in obesity and type II diabetesPARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Active and passive biomonitoring suggest metabolic adaptation in blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) chronically exposed to a moderate contamination in Brest harbor (France)

Brest harbor (Bay of Brest, Brittany, France) has a severe past of anthropogenic chemical contamination, but inputs tended to decrease, indicating a reassessment of its ecotoxicological status should be carried out. Here, native and caged mussels (Mytilus spp.) were used in combination to evaluate biological effects of chronic chemical contamination in Brest harbor. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination was measured in mussel tissues as a proxy of harbor and urban pollution. Biochemical biomarkers of xenobiotic biotransformation, antioxidant defenses, generation of reducing equivalents, energy metabolism and oxidative damage were studied in both gills and digestive glands of native and caged mussels. In particular, activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDP), pyruvate kinase (PK) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were measured and lipid peroxidation was assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) quantification. In addition, a condition index was calculated to assess the overall health of the mussels. Moderate PAH contamination was detected in digestive glands of both native and caged individuals from the exposed site. Modulations of biomarkers were detected in digestive glands of native harbor mussels indicating the presence of a chemical pressure. In particular, results suggested increased biotransformation (GST), antioxidant defenses (CAT), NADPH generation (IDP) and gluconeogenesis (PEPCK), which could represent a coordinated response against chemically-induced cellular stress. Lipid peroxidation assessment and condition index indicated an absence of acute stress in the same mussels suggesting metabolic changes could, at least partially, offset the negative effects of contamination. In caged mussels, only GR was found modulated compared to non-exposed mussels but significant differences in oxidative stress and energy-related biomarkers were observed compared to native harbor mussels. Overall, these results suggested mussels chronically exposed to contamination have set up metabolic adaptation, which may contribute to their survival in the moderately contaminated harbor of Brest. Whether these adaptive traits result from phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation needs to be further investigated

Baclofen for alcohol dependence: relationships between baclofen and alcohol dosing and the occurrence of major sedation

International audienc

Beige differentiation of adipose depots in mice lacking prolactin receptor protects against high-fat-diet-induced obesity.: PRLR deficiency and beige adipocyte

International audienceStimulating conversion of white fat to metabolically active adipocytes (beige fat) constitutes a promising strategy against weight gain and its deleterious associated-disorders. We provide direct evidence that prolactin (PRL), best known for its actions on the mammary gland, plays a pivotal role in energy balance through the control of adipocyte differentiation and fate. Here we show that lack of prolactin receptor (PRLR) causes resistance to high-fat-diet-induced obesity due to enhanced energy expenditure and increased metabolic rate. Mutant mice displayed reduced fat mass associated with appearance of massive brown-like adipocyte foci in perirenal and subcutaneous but not in gonadal fat depots under a high-fat diet. Positron emission tomography imaging further demonstrated the occurrence of these thermogenic brown fat depots in adult mice, providing additional support for recruitable brown-like adipocytes (beigeing) in white fat depots. Consistent with the activation of brown adipose tissue, PRLR inactivation increases expression of master genes controlling brown adipocyte fate (PRDM16) and mitochondrial function (PGC1α, UCP1). Altered pRb/Foxc2 expression suggests that this PRL-regulated pathway may contribute to beige cell commitment. Together, these results provide direct genetic evidence that PRLR affects energy balance and metabolic adaptation in rodents via effects on brown adipose tissue differentiation and function

Prolactin receptors and placental lactogen drive male mouse pancreatic islets to pregnancy-related mRNA changes.

Pregnancy requires a higher functional beta cell mass and this is associated with profound changes in the gene expression profile of pancreatic islets. Taking Tph1 as a sensitive marker for pregnancy-related islet mRNA expression in female mice, we previously identified prolactin receptors and placental lactogen as key signalling molecules. Since beta cells from male mice also express prolactin receptors, the question arose whether male and female islets have the same phenotypic resilience at the mRNA level during pregnancy. We addressed this question in vitro, by stimulating cultured islets with placental lactogen and in vivo, by transplanting male or female islets into female acceptor mice. Additionally, the islet mRNA expression pattern of pregnant prolactin receptor deficient mice was compared with that of their pregnant wild-type littermates. When cultured with placental lactogen, or when transplanted in female recipients that became pregnant (day 12.5), male islets induced the 'islet pregnancy gene signature', which we defined as the 12 highest induced genes in non-transplanted female islets at day 12.5 of pregnancy. In addition, serotonin immunoreactivity and beta cell proliferation was also induced in these male transplanted islets at day 12.5 of pregnancy. In order to further investigate the importance of prolactin receptors in these mRNA changes we used a prolactin receptor deficient mouse model. For the 12 genes of the signature, which are highly induced in control pregnant mice, no significant induction of mRNA transcripts was found at day 9.5 of pregnancy. Together, our results support the key role of placental lactogen as a circulating factor that can trigger the pregnancy mRNA profile in both male and female beta cells