Anatomy Applied to Block Anesthesia for Maxillofacial Surgery

Anatomy is a basic knowledge that every clinician must have; however, its full management is not always achieved and gaps remain in daily practice. The aim of this chapter is to emphasize the most relevant aspects of head and neck anatomy, specifically related to osteology and neurology for the application of regional anesthesia techniques. This chapter presents a clear and concise text, useful for both undergraduate and graduate students and for the dentist and maxillofacial surgeon. The most relevant aspects of the bone and sensory anatomy relevant for the realization of regional anesthetic techniques in the oral and maxillofacial area are reviewed, including complementary figures and tables. The anatomy related to the techniques directed to the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and to the branches of the mandibular nerve) will be approached separately

One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanoparticles as an Efficient Visible Light Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Congo Red Azo Dye

A hydrothermal method was successfully employed to synthesize kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and optical ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy were used for characterization of structural, chemical, morphological, and optical properties. XRD results confirmed that a nanocrystalline CZTS phase corresponding to the kesterite structure was formed. Raman analysis confirmed the existence of single pure phase CZTS. XPS results revealed the oxidation states as Cu+, Zn2+, Sn4+, and S2−. FESEM and TEM micrograph images revealed the presence of nanoparticles with average sizes between 7 nm to 60 nm. The synthesized CZTS nanoparticles bandgap was found to be 1.5 eV which is optimal for solar photocatalytic degradation applications. The properties as a semiconductor material were evaluated through the Mott–Schottky analysis. The photocatalytic activity of CZTS has been investigated through photodegradation of Congo red azo dye solution under solar simulation light irradiation, proving to be an excellent photo-catalyst for CR where 90.2% degradation could be achieved in just 60 min. Furthermore, the prepared CZTS was reusable and can be repeatedly used to remove Congo red dye from aqueous solutions.Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

Identification of HIV-reservoir cells with reduced susceptibility to antibody-dependent immune response

HIV; Infectious disease; ReservoirVIH; Malalties infeccioses; ReservoriVIH; Enfermedades infecciosas; ReservorioHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) establishes a persistent infection in heterogeneous cell reservoirs, which can be maintained by different mechanisms including cellular proliferation, and represent the main obstacle to curing the infection. The expression of the Fcγ receptor CD32 has been identified as a marker of the active cell reservoirs in people on antiretroviral therapy (ART), but if its expression has any role in conferring advantage for viral persistence is unknown. Here, we report that HIV-infected cells expressing CD32 have reduced susceptibility to natural killer (NK) antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by a mechanism compatible with the suboptimal binding of HIV-specific antibodies. Infected CD32 cells have increased proliferative capacity in the presence of immune complexes, and are more resistant to strategies directed to potentiate NK function. Remarkably, reactivation of the latent reservoir from antiretroviral-treated people living with HIV increases the pool of infected CD32 cells, which are largely resistant to the ADCC immune mechanism. Thus, we report the existence of reservoir cells that evade part of the NK immune response through the expression of CD32.This study was supported by the Spanish Secretariat of Science and Innovation and FEDER funds (grants SAF2015-67334-R and RTI2018-101082-B-I00 [MINECO/FEDER]), the Spanish “Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (ISCIII, PI17/01470), GeSIDA and the Spanish AIDS network Red Temática Cooperativa de Investigación en SIDA (RD16/0025/0007), the Fundació La Marató TV3 (grants 201805-10FMTV3 and 201814-10FMTV3) and the Gilead fellowships GLD19/00084 and GLD18/00008. M.B is supported by the Miguel Servet program funded by the Spanish Health Institute Carlos III (CP17/00179). A.A-G is supported by the Spanish Secretariat of Science and Innovation Ph.D. fellowship (BES-2016–076382). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and analysis, the decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

KLRG1 expression on natural killer cells is associated with HIV persistence, and its targeting promotes the reduction of the viral reservoir

HIV infection; HIV reservoir; ImmunotherapyInfección por VIH; Reservorio de VIH; InmunoterapiaInfecció per VIH; Reservori de VIH; ImmunoteràpiaHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces immunological dysfunction, which limits the elimination of HIV-infected cells during treated infection. Identifying and targeting dysfunctional immune cells might help accelerate the purging of the persistent viral reservoir. Here, we show that chronic HIV infection increases natural killer (NK) cell populations expressing the negative immune regulator KLRG1, both in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) does not reestablish these functionally impaired NK populations, and the expression of KLRG1 correlates with active HIV transcription. Targeting KLRG1 with specific antibodies significantly restores the capacity of NK cells to kill HIV-infected cells, reactivates latent HIV present in CD4+ T cells co-expressing KLRG1, and reduces the intact HIV genomes in samples from ART-treated individuals. Our data support the potential use of immunotherapy against the KLRG1 receptor to impact the viral reservoir during HIV persistence.The project leading to these results has received funding from “la Caixa” Banking Foundation under the project code LCF/PR/HR20-00218. This study was also supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación project PID2021-123321OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE; The Spanish “Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (ISCIII, PI20/00160); and the Gilead fellowships GLD19/00084, GLD18/00008, GLD21-00049, and GLD22/00152. Part of the methodology was developed with the support of the grant 202104-30-31 from Fundació la Marató de TV3. M.B. is supported by the Miguel Servet program funded by the Spanish Health Institute Carlos III (CPII22/00005). A.A.-G. was supported by the Spanish Secretariat of Science and Innovation Ph.D. fellowship (BES-2016-076382). D.P. was supported by the VHIR Ph.D programme 2020. Spanish Secretariat of Science and Innovation Ph.D. fellowship. E.M.G. was supported by the Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC2018-024374-I) funded by the Spanish Secretariat of Science and Innovation, by the Comunidad de Madrid Talento Program (2017-T1/BMD-5396), and by the project PID2021-127899OB-I00 funded by MCIN /AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER, UE. We thank Dr. Joan Puñet from the flow cytometry core at the Vall d’Hebron Research Institute for his technical and scientific expertise. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and analysis, the decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Silver Nanoparticle Arrays onto Glass Substrates Obtained by Solid-State Thermal Dewetting: A Morphological, Structural and Surface Chemical Study

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) on glass substrates were obtained by a solid-state thermal dewetting (SSD) process using vacuum-evaporated-silver precursor layers. An exhaustive investigation of the morphological, structural, and surface chemistry properties by systematically controlling the precursor film thickness, annealing temperature, and time was conducted. Thin silver films with thicknesses of 40 and 80 nm were deposited and annealed in air by applying a combined heat-up+constant temperature–time program. Temperatures from 300 to 500 °C and times from 0 to 50 min were assayed. SSD promoted the morphological modification of the films, leading to the Ag NPs having a discrete structure. The size, shape, surface density, and inter-nanoparticle distance of the nanoparticles depended on the initial film thickness, annealing temperature, and time, exhibiting a cubic silver structure with a (111) preferred crystallographic orientation. The prepared NPs were found to be highly enriched in the Ag{111}/Ag{110}/Ag{100} equilibrium facets. SSD not only promotes NP formation but also promotes the partial oxidation from Ag to AgO at the surface level. AgO was detected on the surface around the nanoparticles synthesized at 500 °C. Overall, a broad framework has been established that connects process factors to distinguish resultant Ag NP features in order to develop unique silver nanoparticles for specific applications.Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga. This research was funded by CSIC (Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica) of the Universidad de la República, in Montevideo, Uruguay, PEDECIBA—Física, Uruguay. DI Consolidado 039.361/2019 PUCV Project, Valparaíso, Chile. Junta de Andalucía of Spain through the projects UMA18-FEDERJA-041 and UMA18-FEDERJA-039. The APC was funded by PEDECIBA—Física, Uruguay. DI Consolidado 039.361/2019 PUCV Project, Valparaíso, Chile. Junta de Andalucía of Spain through the projects UMA18-FEDERJA-041 and UMA18-FEDERJA-039

Amplificación del gen citoqueratina 5 en lenguas de rata Wistar fijadas en formalina 10% tamponada

42 p.Un adecuado procesamiento histológico parte con la fijación de las muestras en formalina 10% tamponada, que, si bien es ampliamente utilizada por su bajo costo, alta difusión tisular y compatibilidad con las técnicas histológicas, un exceso en el tiempo de fijación podría ir en desmedro de las muestras afectando macromoléculas como el ADN, perdiendo la integridad, y con ello su valor diagnóstico. Si bien el tiempo de fijación para estudios histológicos convencionales es conocido, no ocurre lo mismo cuando se requiere realizar estudios moleculares. Es por ello, que el propósito de este estudio experimental fue determinar el tiempo máximo de fijación de lenguas de rata Wistar en formalina 10% tamponada, de modo tal que la integridad del ADN permita amplificar el gen de la citoqueratina 5, obteniéndose que con un tiempo de fijación de hasta 10 horas, es posible al realizar la amplificación mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Palabras Clave: Formalina, ADN, citoqueratina 5, PCR, estabilidad genómica

mtDNA Haplogroup A Enhances the Effect of Obesity on the Risk of Knee OA in a Mexican Population

[Abstract] To evaluate the influence of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups on the risk of knee OA in terms of their interaction with obesity, in a population from Mexico. Samples were obtained from (n = 353) knee OA patients (KL grade ≥ I) and (n = 364) healthy controls (KL grade = 0) from Mexico city and Torreon (Mexico). Both Caucasian and Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups were assigned by single base extension assay. A set of clinical and demographic variables, including obesity status, were considered to perform appropriate statistical approaches, including chi-square contingency tables, regression models and interaction analyses. To ensure the robustness of the predictive model, a statistical cross-validation strategy of B = 1000 iterations was used. All the analyses were performed using boot, GmAMisc and epiR package from R software v4.0.2 and SPSS software v24. The frequency distribution of the mtDNA haplogroups between OA patients and healthy controls for obese and non-obese groups showed the haplogroup A as significantly over-represented in knee OA patients within the obese group (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.22-4.05; p-value = 0.008). The subsequent logistic regression analysis, including as covariate the interaction between obesity and mtDNA haplogroup A, supported the significant association of this interaction (OR 2.57; 95% CI 1.24-5.32; p-value = 0.011). The statistical cross-validation strategy confirmed the robustness of the regression model. The data presented here indicate a link between obesity in knee OA patients and mtDNA haplogroup A.This work is supported by Grants from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI17/00210, PI16/02124, PI20/00614, RETIC-RIER-RD16/0012/0002 and PRB3-ISCIII-PT17/0019/0014) integrated in the National Plan for Scientific Program, Development and Technological Innovation 2013–2016 and funded by the ISCIII-General Subdirection of Assessment and Promotion of Research-European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) “A way of making Europe” and Grant IN607A2017/11 from Xunta de Galicia. The authors further acknowledge AE CICA-INIBIC (ED431E 2018/03) for financial support. IRP is supported by Contrato Miguel Servet-II Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (CPII17/00026) and AD-S is supported by Grant IN606A-2018/023 from Xunta de Galicia, Spain. The Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBER) is an initiative from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)Xunta de Galicia; IN607A2017/11Xunta de Galicia; ED431E 2018/03Xunta de Galicia; IN606A-2018/02

The global EPTO database: Worldwide occurrences of aquatic insects

Motivation: Aquatic insects comprise 64% of freshwater animal diversity and are widely used as bioindicators to assess water quality impairment and freshwater ecosystem health, as well as to test ecological hypotheses. Despite their importance, a comprehensive, global database of aquatic insect occurrences for mapping freshwater biodiversity in macroecological studies and applied freshwater research is missing. We aim to fill this gap and present the Global EPTO Database, which includes worldwide geo-referenced aquatic insect occurrence records for four major taxa groups: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Odonata (EPTO). Main type of variables contained: A total of 8,368,467 occurrence records globally, of which 8,319,689 (99%) are publicly available. The records are attributed to the corresponding drainage basin and sub-catchment based on the Hydrography90m dataset and are accompanied by the elevation value, the freshwater ecoregion and the protection status of their location. Spatial location and grain: The database covers the global extent, with 86% of the observation records having coordinates with at least four decimal digits (11.1 m precision at the equator) in the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) coordinate reference system. Time period and grain: Sampling years span from 1951 to 2021. Ninety-nine percent of the records have information on the year of the observation, 95% on the year and month, while 94% have a complete date. In the case of seven sub-datasets, exact dates can be retrieved upon communication with the data contributors.Major taxa and level of measurement: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Odonata, standardized at the genus taxonomic level. We provide species names for 7,727,980 (93%) records without further taxonomic verification. Software format: The entire tab-separated value (.csv) database can be downloaded and visualized at https://glowa bio.org/proje ct/epto_datab ase/. Fifty individual datasets are also available at https://fred.igb-berlin. de, while six datasets have restricted access. For the latter, we share metadata and the contact details of the authors

Propuesta para mejorar la sensibilidad estética en niños de 6 años de Educación Inicial, a través del folclor poético

This Final Master Thesis presents an innovative didactic proposal, whose objective is aimed at improving aesthetic sensitivity in children of 6 years old of Early Childhood Education, through chilean poetic folklore. To achieve this objective, a line of theoretical research has been established that deepens the concepts of the aesthetic function of language, reading competence and, aesthetic sensitivity and its teaching, through folklore poetry in the chilean context. Considering these aspects, it is that a didactic unit of 9 activities has been designed that promote the appreciation and aesthetic expression of culture and art, through innovative strategies that promote learning in a creative, playful and integrating context of families and the community. In this way, this research supposes a reflection on the pedagogical practices that allow to improve the aesthetic sensitivity, and whose results show that the use of poetic folklore constitutes an effective tool to favor the proposed objective.Este Trabajo de Fin de Máster presenta una propuesta didáctica de innovación, cuyo objetivo se orienta a mejorar la sensibilidad estética en niños de 6 años de Educación Inicial, a través del folclor poético chileno. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, se ha establecido una línea de investigación teórica que profundiza los conceptos de función estética del lenguaje, competencia lectora y, sensibilidad estética y su enseñanza, por medio de la poesía folclórica en el contexto chileno. Considerando estos aspectos, es que se ha diseñado una unidad didáctica de 9 actividades que promueven la apreciación y expresión estética de la cultura y el arte, a través de estrategias innovadoras que impulsan el aprendizaje en un contexto creativo, lúdico e integrador de las familias y la comunidad. De este modo, esta investigación supone una reflexión sobre las prácticas pedagógicas que permiten mejorar la sensibilidad estética, y cuyos resultados evidencian que el uso del folclor poético se constituye en una herramienta eficaz para favorecer el objetivo propuesto